تانية بكالوريا · Writing · Units 7 · 9 · 10
Discursive Essay
إزاي تكتب مقال بيناقش قضية من الطرفين بأسباب وأمثلة وبعدين يخلص برأي متوازن، في حوالي 150-180 كلمة.
الدرس ده عن إيه؟
A discursive essay explores an issue from multiple angles before reaching a balanced, well-supported conclusion. It uses full body paragraphs to develop each perspective.
الدرس ده عن الـ Discursive Essay يعني مقال بيناقش قضية من أكتر من زاوية. إنت مش بتدافع عن رأي واحد من أول سطر، إنت بتعرض الرأي ورأي الطرف التاني بأسباب وأمثلة، وفي الآخر بتقول رأيك المتوازن.
الكتاب بيطلب النوع ده في 3 وحدات: Unit 7 (Discovering Your Passion: الهوايات والشغف)، Unit 9 (Circles of Belonging: الانتماء والمجتمع)، وUnit 10 (Behind the Buy: الاستهلاك والتكاليف المخفية). صفحة الشرح الأساسية هي Writing an Essay في Unit 9 (صفحة 123)، ومهمات الـ Summative Assessment في صفحة 64 و124 و152 بتطلب discursive paragraph or short essay of (150-180) words.
الفكرة ببساطة: إنت القاضي مش المحامي
In an opinion essay you defend one side. In a discursive essay you look at both sides fairly first, then give a balanced opinion at the end.
تخيل محكمة: المحامي بيدافع عن طرف واحد بس. لكن القاضي بيسمع الطرفين، ويوزن الأدلة، وبعدين يحكم. في الـ discursive essay إنت القاضي: تعرض الرأي الأول بأسبابه ومثاله، وبعدين الرأي العكسي بأسبابه ومثاله، وفي الخاتمة تقول حكمك.
| النقطة | Opinion Essay | Discursive Essay |
|---|---|---|
| الهدف | تقنع القارئ برأيك | تناقش القضية من كذا زاوية |
| الرأي | من أول المقال | في الخاتمة، بعد ما تعرض الطرفين |
| الفقرات | كل الفقرات بتأيد رأيك | فقرة لكل وجهة نظر (On the one hand / On the other hand) |
| النبرة | قوية ومتحمسة | متوازنة وموضوعية (balanced) |
| أهم الروابط | Firstly, Moreover, I strongly believe | On the one hand, On the other hand, Although, However, Overall |
المراجعة Consolidation Review E في الكتاب بتسأل سؤال بالشكل ده: A discursive essay should… والإجابة الصح: consider different perspectives before presenting a balanced conclusion. يعني لازم تعرض وجهات نظر مختلفة قبل ما تخلص بخاتمة متوازنة.
أجزاء المقال زي ما الكتاب بيعلمها
The book (Unit 9, page 123) gives four parts: an introduction with a hook and thesis, two body paragraphs with contrasting perspectives, and a conclusion with a balanced opinion.
| الجزء (Structure / Form) | وظيفته بالعربي | بداية الجملة من الكتاب |
|---|---|---|
| Introduction (hook + thesis) | hook = جملة تشد القارئ. thesis = جملة بتقول المقال هيناقش إيه. | … is often treated as…, but for many people it is essential to… / The issue of… is widely discussed today, particularly in the context of… |
| Body Paragraph 1 (first perspective) | وجهة النظر الأولى: سبب واضح + مثال. | On the one hand, … |
| Body Paragraph 2 (contrasting perspective) | وجهة النظر العكسية: سبب واضح + مثال. | On the other hand, it may be argued that… |
| Conclusion (balanced opinion) | رأيك المتوازن + السبب + جملة قوية في الآخر. | Overall, it can be argued that… because… Only when… will… |
- hook (خطّاف) = أول جملة، بتشد القارئ. ممكن تكون مفاجأة، سؤال، أو مقارنة: Many people see a hobby as a way to relax, but for some it becomes a career.
- thesis (فكرة المقال) = جملة بتقول المقال هيعمل إيه: This essay examines multiple perspectives using evidence from…
- perspective = وجهة نظر. balanced = متوازن (مش مايل لطرف من غير سبب).
وفي الكتاب Writing Rubric (صفحة 123) فيه 3 نقط: مقدمة وفقرات وخاتمة واضحة، كل وجهة نظر ليها سبب واضح ومثال، وتعرض وجهات نظر مختلفة قبل ما تقول رأيك. ودي اللي هتتقيّم عليها.
الجمل الجاهزة (Writing Frame) من الكتاب
الـ Writing Frame ده متكرر في مهمات الـ Summative في Units 7 و9 و10. احفظه، هيبقى العمود الفقري لأي مقال.
Introduction
- The issue of… is widely discussed today, particularly in the context of…
- … is often treated as…, but for many people it is…
- This essay examines multiple perspectives using evidence from…
First perspective
- On the one hand, …
- Supporters of this view believe that…
- For example, …
Contrasting perspective
- On the other hand, it may be argued that…
- In contrast, it has been argued that… However, …
- Critics point out that…
Concession (الاعتراف بالطرف التاني)
- Although…, it is also true that… This suggests that…
- Despite…, …
- While this may be true, …
Conclusion (balanced opinion)
- Overall, it can be argued that… because…
- Only when… will…
- Only by… can we…
- On balance, …
جملتين مهمين جدًا: Concession و Only when… will
Concession means admitting that the other side has a point. Although + clause, despite + noun / -ing. After Only when / Only by at the start of a sentence, we put the helping verb before the subject (inversion).
1) Concession (التنازل أو الاعتراف): يعني تعترف إن الطرف التاني عنده حق في حاجة، وبعدين تقول رأيك. ده بيخلي المقال متوازن ويبيّن إنك فاهم.
- Although online friends can be supportive, it is also true that they cannot replace a hug from a real friend.«مع إن صحاب الأونلاين ممكن يدعموك، برضه صحيح إنهم مش بيعوضوا حضن صاحب حقيقي». Although + جملة كاملة.
- Despite the low prices, fast fashion has a heavy hidden cost.«رغم الأسعار الرخيصة، الموضة السريعة ليها تكلفة مخفية كبيرة». Despite + اسم (the low prices).
- Despite practising every day, Hassan still lost the first match.«رغم إنه بيتمرن كل يوم، حسن خسر الماتش الأول». Despite + فعل بـ -ing.
2) Only when… will / Only by… can (التقديم والتأخير): جملة قوية للخاتمة. لما تبدأ بـ Only when أو Only by، الفعل المساعد (will / can) بيتقدم قبل الفاعل زي السؤال.
- Only when schools listen to every student will everyone feel that they belong.«بس لما المدارس تسمع كل طالب، ساعتها كله هيحس إنه منتمي». لاحظ: will everyone (مش everyone will).
- Only by buying less can we reduce the hidden cost of our clothes.«بس لو اشترينا أقل نقدر نقلل التكلفة المخفية لهدومنا». can we مش we can.
- Only when a hobby stays enjoyable will it last for years.«الهواية مش هتستمر سنين غير لو فضلت ممتعة». جملة خاتمة ممتازة لـ Unit 7.
- Although but … ✗ ← ممنوع تجمع Although و but في نفس الجملة: Although it is cheap, but it is harmful. ✗ ← Although it is cheap, it is harmful. ✓
- Despite of the price ✗ ← Despite the price ✓ (أو In spite of the price).
- Despite it is cheap ✗ ← Although it is cheap ✓ — Despite مش بييجي بعدها جملة كاملة.
- Only when we listen, everyone will feel… ✗ ← Only when we listen will everyone feel… ✓
إزاي تكتب المقال خطوة بخطوة
- افهم السؤال: «To what extent do you agree?» = لأي درجة توافق؟ «Discuss.» = ناقش الطرفين. «Use examples to evaluate this claim.» = قيّم الادعاء ده بأمثلة. في الثلاثة لازم تعرض الطرفين.
- اعمل خطة في دقيقتين: اكتب عمودين: مع (سبب + مثال) وضد (سبب + مثال). وبعدين قرر رأيك المتوازن.
- Introduction (2-3 جمل): hook + The issue of… is widely discussed today… + This essay examines…
- Body 1: On the one hand + السبب + For example + مثال من الوحدة. استخدم JRE: رأي (Justify)، سبب (Reasoning)، دليل أو مثال (Evidence).
- Body 2: On the other hand, it may be argued that… + السبب + مثال. وحط جملة Although…, it is also true that… علشان التوازن.
- Conclusion (2 جمل): Overall, it can be argued that… because… + جملة Only when… will….
- استخدم قاعدة الوحدة: Unit 7 ← used to / would، Unit 9 ← so… that / such… that أو have something done، Unit 10 ← quantifiers (too much, a large amount of, few/little) و stative verbs.
- راجع: 4 فقرات واضحة، لغة رسمية، مفيش I'm ولا gonna، والعدد 150-180 كلمة.
تقريبًا: Introduction 35-40 كلمة، Body 1 حوالي 45، Body 2 حوالي 50، Conclusion 30-35. لو عدّيت 180 احذف الأمثلة الزيادة، ولو أقل من 150 زوّد مثال أو سبب.
المقال النموذجي (Model Answer)
ده مقال كامل على موضوع من Unit 9 (الانتماء). اقراه، وبعدين شوف الملاحظات بالعربي، وبعدها هتلاقي أفكار للموضوعات التانية من Unit 7 وUnit 10.
Many people see belonging as a bonus, but for teenagers it is as essential as sleep. The issue of where young people find this belonging is widely discussed today, particularly in the context of social media. This essay examines both local and online communities before reaching a balanced view.
On the one hand, local communities provide support that is hard to replace. Neighbours, teachers and coaches can notice when a student looks worried and help. For example, a teenager who joins a local football team meets the same friends weekly, so trust grows naturally.
On the other hand, it may be argued that online groups offer what local groups cannot. A shy student who loves drawing may find nobody in his town who shares his passion, yet an online art group can make him feel understood. Although these friendships happen behind a screen, it is also true that they can be genuinely supportive.
Overall, it can be argued that local communities matter more because they provide face-to-face care. Only when young people balance both will they truly belong.
- Introduction ← hook: «Many people see belonging as a bonus, but for teenagers it is as essential as sleep» مقارنة بتشد القارئ (زي مثال الكتاب: is often treated as…, but…).
- Introduction ← thesis: «The issue of… is widely discussed today, particularly in the context of…» و«This essay examines…» من الـ Writing Frame، وبتقول للقارئ إن المقال هيناقش الطرفين.
- Body 1 (first perspective): بدأ بـ «On the one hand» + سبب (support that is hard to replace) + مثال واضح (local football team). ده JRE: رأي ← سبب ← دليل.
- Body 2 (contrasting perspective): «On the other hand, it may be argued that…» بالظبط زي جدول الكتاب + مثال (a shy student who loves drawing).
- Concession: «Although these friendships happen behind a screen, it is also true that…» بتعترف بنقطة ضعف وبعدين ترد. ده اللي بيخلي المقال balanced.
- Conclusion (balanced opinion): «Overall, it can be argued that… because…» رأي + سبب، وبعدها جملة التقديم «Only when young people balance both will they truly belong» (will قبل they).
- Rubric: فيه مقدمة وفقرتين وخاتمة، كل وجهة نظر ليها سبب ومثال، والرأي جه بعد عرض الطرفين. ده التلات نقط اللي في Writing Rubric في الكتاب.
- اللغة: relative clauses (a teenager who joins… / a shy student who loves…)، روابط (so, yet, although)، ومفيش اختصارات ولا كلام عامي.
نفس الهيكل مع موضوعات Unit 7 و Unit 10
نفس الأربع فقرات بتشتغل مع أي موضوع. شوف إزاي تبدأ كل جزء في موضوعات الوحدات التانية:
| الجزء | Unit 7: Passion & Purpose | Unit 10: Invisible Consumption |
|---|---|---|
| السؤال | Consistency matters more than natural talent. Evaluate this claim. | Online shopping does more harm than good. To what extent do you agree? |
| Introduction | The issue of talent and effort is widely discussed today, particularly in the context of young people's hobbies. | The issue of online shopping is widely discussed today, particularly in the context of everyday consumption habits. |
| Body 1 | On the one hand, natural talent can help a beginner progress quickly. | On the one hand, online shopping saves time and offers lower prices. |
| Body 2 | On the other hand, it may be argued that regular practice builds lasting skill. Mariam used to bake only for fun, but… | On the other hand, it may be argued that fast delivery creates too much packaging and a large amount of waste. |
| Conclusion | Overall, it can be argued that consistency matters more because… Only when we practise regularly will… | Overall, it can be argued that… Only by buying less can we… |
- Mariam used to bake only for her family, but now she has a waiting list.Unit 7: «مريم كانت بتخبز لعيلتها بس، ودلوقتي عندها قايمة انتظار». used to بيوري التطور.
- The new club was such a simple idea that other schools copied it.Unit 9: «النادي كان فكرة بسيطة لدرجة إن مدارس تانية قلّدتها». such a + adjective + noun + that.
- Fast fashion creates too many cheap clothes and a large amount of waste.Unit 10: «الموضة السريعة بتعمل هدوم رخيصة كتير قوي وكمية كبيرة من النفايات». too many مع المعدود، a large amount of مع غير المعدود.
- تكتب رأيك من أول سطر وتدافع عنه بس ← ده opinion essay. في الـ discursive لازم الطرفين قبل الرأي.
- تبدأ بـ Dear… أو تخلص بـ Yours sincerely ← ده مقال مش إيميل. (ده سؤال في Review E: الإجابة الغلط begin with a greeting and end with a signature).
- On the one hand… On the other side ← On the other hand دايمًا.
- رأي من غير سبب أو مثال ← الـ Rubric بيطلب clear reason and an example لكل وجهة نظر.
- خاتمة فيها فكرة جديدة ← الخاتمة تلخص وتوزن، مش تفتح موضوع جديد.
- I think, I think, I think ← نوّع: it can be argued that / it may be argued that / this suggests that.
- Only when we work together, we will succeed. ← Only when we work together will we succeed.
المقدمة والخاتمة هما العيش، وفقرتين الطرفين هما الحشو. عيش ← طرف أول ← طرف تاني ← عيش. ولو ناقص فقرة من دول الساندوتش «يقع». ولما تكتب افتكر 4 كلمات: The issue of… / On the one hand / On the other hand / Overall.
إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟
الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالشكل ده: سؤال اختيار من متعدد عن مميزات المقال، تكميل بروابط الـ concession، أو مهمة كتابة discursive paragraph or short essay of (150-180) words تختار فيها موضوع من تلاتة.
النوع الأول: Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
The conclusion of a discursive essay should…
a. introduce a completely new argument
b. give a balanced opinion supported by a reason
c. include a greeting
d. repeat the introduction word for word
الإجابة: b — الكتاب بيسمّي الخاتمة Conclusion (balanced opinion): Overall, it can be argued that… because…
النوع التاني: Complete with although / despite / however.
______ the convenience of online shopping, many people prefer to see products before they buy them.
الإجابة: Despite — لأن بعدها اسم (the convenience)، مش جملة كاملة.
النوع التالت: Rewrite starting with the words given.
We will reduce waste only when we buy fewer clothes. → Only when…
الإجابة: Only when we buy fewer clothes will we reduce waste. — قدمنا will قبل we.
تدريب
A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. What is the main aim of a discursive essay? a. to tell a personal story with a surprise ending b. to look at an issue from different sides and then give a balanced view c. to thank someone for their help d. to give instructions for a recipe
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b — ده تعريف الكتاب: explores an issue from multiple angles before reaching a balanced conclusion.2. Which phrase introduces the contrasting perspective? a. On the other hand, it may be argued that… b. The purpose of this proposal is… c. Dear Sir or Madam, d. In my diary today…
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a — دي بداية Body Paragraph 2 في جدول الكتاب.3. "The issue of fast fashion is widely discussed today." This sentence belongs to the… a. conclusion b. second body paragraph c. introduction d. sign-off
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c — The issue of… is widely discussed today جملة المقدمة في الـ Writing Frame.4. ______ some students prefer studying alone, group work can build a sense of belonging. a. Despite b. Although c. However d. Because of
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b. Although — بعدها جملة كاملة (some students prefer…). Despite بعدها اسم.5. Only by working together ______ solve this problem. a. we can b. can we c. we will can d. we could to
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b. can we — بعد Only by في أول الجملة الفعل المساعد يتقدم.6. The essay question says "Discuss." This means you should… a. write a story b. look at both sides of the issue c. write only your opinion d. describe a picture
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b — Discuss = ناقش الطرفين.
B. Put the sentences of this short essay in the correct order (1-4).
7. Order: (a) Overall, it can be argued that talent helps, but practice matters more. (b) On the one hand, talented people often learn faster. (c) The issue of talent and effort is widely discussed today. (d) On the other hand, it may be argued that regular practice builds lasting skill.
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c ← b ← d ← a — Introduction ← first perspective ← contrasting perspective ← conclusion.8. In which paragraph would you write "Only when we practise regularly will we improve"? Why?
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Conclusion — جملة Only when… will… في الكتاب جزء من الـ balanced opinion في الخاتمة.
C. Complete with: Although / Despite / However / On the one hand / On the other hand / Overall
9. ______, social media helps families who live far apart stay in touch.
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On the one hand — أول وجهة نظر.10. ______, it may be argued that endless scrolling can make people feel lonely.
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On the other hand — وجهة النظر العكسية.11. ______ volunteering takes time, it gives young people a strong sense of purpose.
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Although — بعدها جملة كاملة، واعتراف بالطرف التاني.12. ______ its low price, a cheap T-shirt has a high environmental cost.
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Despite — بعدها اسم (its low price).13. Many people buy clothes they never wear. ______, some shoppers are now choosing second-hand items.
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However — بتربط جملتين بمعنى «لكن»، وبعدها فاصلة.14. ______, it can be argued that communities grow stronger when everyone feels included.
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Overall — بداية الخاتمة.
D. Rewrite the sentences as instructed.
15. Rewrite using "Although": The club is small. It has changed many students' lives.
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Although the club is small, it has changed many students' lives. — من غير but.16. Rewrite using "Despite": He was tired. He kept practising.
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Despite being tired, he kept practising. (أو Despite his tiredness…) — Despite + -ing أو اسم.17. Rewrite starting with "Only when": People will feel they belong only when communities welcome them.
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Only when communities welcome them will people feel they belong.18. Rewrite starting with "Only by": We can protect the planet only by repairing things instead of replacing them.
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Only by repairing things instead of replacing them can we protect the planet.19. Correct the mistake: Although fast fashion is cheap, but it harms workers.
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Although fast fashion is cheap, it harms workers. — نشيل but.20. Correct the mistake: On the one hand… On the other side, online friends are less reliable.
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On the other hand, online friends are less reliable.21. Write an introduction (2 sentences) for: "A hobby is only meaningful if it turns into a business. To what extent do you agree?"
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مثال: The issue of turning hobbies into businesses is widely discussed today, particularly in the context of young people's passions. This essay examines multiple perspectives using evidence from real examples. — The issue of… + This essay examines…22. Write a conclusion (2 sentences) for an essay about online shopping.
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مثال: Overall, it can be argued that online shopping does more harm than good because its hidden costs are rarely seen. Only when shoppers think before they click will this change. — Overall + because + Only when… will.
Checklist قبل ما تسلّم
أول تلات نقط هي الـ Writing Rubric في الكتاب (صفحة 123).
- I write a clear introduction, body paragraphs and a conclusion. (4 فقرات واضحة؟)
- I support each viewpoint with a clear reason and an example. (كل رأي ليه سبب ومثال؟)
- I use different perspectives before giving my opinion. (الطرفين قبل رأيي؟)
- المقدمة فيها hook وthesis؟
- استخدمت On the one hand / On the other hand وجملة concession (Although… it is also true that…)؟
- الخاتمة فيها Overall, it can be argued that… because… وجملة Only when… will… مكتوبة صح؟
- مفيش Dear ولا توقيع ولا اختصارات؟
- استخدمت قاعدة الوحدة لو ينفع؟
- عدد الكلمات حوالي 150-180؟
مهام كتابة للتدريب
اختار مهمة واكتب discursive essay of about (150-180) words. تحت كل مهمة خطة قصيرة.
Task 1 (Unit 7): Natural talent is more important than hard work when developing a passion. To what extent do you agree?
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خطة: Intro: The issue of talent and effort… ← Body 1: الموهبة بتخلي البداية أسرع (مثال: لاعب كورة صغير) ← Body 2: it may be argued that الاستمرار أهم + used to: Hassan used to lose every chess game, but… ← Conclusion: Overall… consistency matters more because… Only when we practise every week will…Task 2 (Unit 9): Schools, not families, should be responsible for making students feel they belong. Discuss.
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خطة: Intro: hook عن طالب جديد في المدرسة ← Body 1: المدرسة بتقضي فيها ساعات كتير + نوادي + mentors ← Body 2: الأسرة هي الأساس + Although schools can help, it is also true that… ← Conclusion: الاتنين مع بعض + Only when schools and families work together will… (ممكن تستخدم so… that).Task 3 (Unit 10): Companies, not individuals, should do more to reduce the hidden costs of what we buy. Use examples to evaluate this claim.
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خطة: Intro: The issue of invisible consumption… ← Body 1: الشركات بتنتج too many products + packaging ← Body 2: it may be argued that المستهلك بيختار، وكل click ليه تمن ← Concession: Despite cheap prices… ← Conclusion: Overall… Only by changing both our habits and company rules can we…
- الـ discursive essay = تناقش الطرفين بأسباب وأمثلة، وبعدين رأي متوازن في الخاتمة.
- 4 فقرات: Introduction (hook + thesis) ← On the one hand ← On the other hand, it may be argued that ← Overall, it can be argued that… because…
- التوازن بييجي من الـ concession: Although + جملة / Despite + اسم أو -ing، ومن غير but.
- جملة الخاتمة القوية: Only when… will… / Only by… can we… (الفعل المساعد قبل الفاعل).
- ده مقال مش إيميل: مفيش Dear ولا توقيع، والعدد حوالي 150-180 كلمة.
كل دروس المنهج
Grammar · القواعد
- Participial Phrases (-ing / -ed)
- Relative Clauses (who, which, that)
- Conditionals (If… will / would / would have) + hedging
- Gerunds and Infinitives
- Narrative Tenses
- Prepositional Phrases of Place and Time
- Concession Clauses
- The Passive Voice for Formal Reporting
- The Present Perfect (since, for, just, already, yet, ever, never)
- Fronting for Emphasis
- Cause-and-Effect Structures
- Modal Verbs (could, should, may, must)
- Adverbials of Degree and Frequency
- Reported Speech
- Used to / Would (Past Habits)
- The Present Continuous
- Linking Words and Logical Connectors
- The Causative: have / get something done
- So… that / Such… that
- Stative Verbs vs Action Verbs
- Quantifiers (too much / too many, a large amount of, few / little)
Vocabulary & Language · الكلمات واللغة
- Well-being and Mental Health
- Leisure, Screen Time, Arts and Sport
- History, Heritage and Museums
- Brands, Food Waste and Sales Culture
- Climate Change and Renewable Energy
- Global Responsibility and Advocacy
- Passion, Hobbies and Community
- Vocational Education and Careers
- Belonging and Inclusion
- Hidden Costs and Fast Fashion
- Persuasive and Biased Language: intensifiers, rhetorical questions, absolute language
- Hedging and Neutral Language
- Tone, Evaluative Language and Selective Framing
- Concession Language
- Media Literacy: fact, opinion, bias and greenwashing
Reading · القراية
- Reading for Gist and Key Detail
- True / False / Not Given with justification
- Fact, Opinion and Biased Claims
- Identifying Bias in Media Texts
- Rhetorical Devices and Their Effects
- The Writer's Viewpoint and Tone
- Main Argument and Supporting Points
- Cause and Effect in Informational Texts
- Text Types: reports, articles, opinion articles, narratives and profiles
- Vocabulary in Context
- Evaluating the Reliability of Online Content
Listening · الاستماع
- Broadcasts, Podcasts, Radio Programmes and Media Reports
- Listening for Main Ideas and Specific Information
- Stated vs Unstated Information
- The Speaker's Perspective
- Technical Terms in Context
Speaking · الكلام
- Giving and Justifying an Opinion (JRE)
- Acknowledging an Opposing Viewpoint
- Structured Presentations (3–5 minutes)
- Pair and Group Discussions
- Debates
- Role-plays and Pitches
- Reporting Other People's Views
Writing · الكتابة
- The JRE Analytical Paragraph
- Reflective Writing
- Opinion Paragraph
- Diary Entry
- Discursive Paragraph
- Opinion Article
- Review
- Argumentative Paragraph
- Informational Leaflet
- Formal Email
- Persuasive Email
- Proposal
- Discursive Essay
- Blog Post
- Recommendation Report
- Personal Development Plan
- Personal Narrative
- Problem-Solution Paragraph
Literature · الأدب والقصة
- The Lost World — the set novel
- The Lost World · Chapter 1: A Dream of Adventure
- The Lost World · Chapter 2: Professor Challenger's Secret
- The Lost World · Chapter 3: The Expedition Is Chosen
- The Lost World · Chapter 4: Into the Unknown
- The Lost World · Chapter 5: Trapped in the Lost World
- The Lost World · Chapter 6: Malone's Night Adventure
- The Lost World · Chapter 7: Prisoners of the Ape-Men
- The Lost World · Chapter 8: The Battle for the Plateau
- The Lost World · Chapter 9: The Hidden Way Home
- The Lost World · Chapter 10: Proof Before the World
- Literary Extract: “Not Exactly a Relaxing Day”
- Narrative Techniques: simile, contrast and personal voice
- Mood, Tone and the Narrator's Shifting Feelings
- Characters, Themes and Key Events