تانية بكالوريا · Vocabulary · Unit 4

Brands, Food Waste and Sales Culture

أهم كلمات Unit 4 (The Power of Choice): هدر الأكل، البراندات، الاستهلاك الرقمي، والبلاك فرايداي — بالمعنى والعيلة والأضداد وتدريب زي Consolidation Review B.

تانية بكالوريا English

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

This page collects the key vocabulary of Unit 4: The Power of Choice: food waste, brand culture, digital consumption and the psychology of sales such as Black Friday.

الوحدة دي عن إحنا كمستهلكين (consumers): ليه بنرمي أكل؟ ليه بنحب براند معين؟ إزاي الأبلكيشنز بتاخد وقتنا؟ وليه بنشتري حاجات مش محتاجينها في الأوكازيون؟

الكلمات هنا من نصوص الوحدة ومربعات الـ Vocabulary بتاعتها، ومعاها عيلة الكلمة والمرادفات والأضداد والتدريب بشكل المراجعة. Review B سألت مثلًا في resist و loss aversion، ودرس 4.4 سأل في «falling for».

في الكتاب: Book 1 · Unit 4 (صفحة 102-131). الدروس: 4.1 Food Waste (Vocabulary صفحة 108)، 4.2 Beyond the Brand (Vocabulary صفحة 114)، 4.3 Digital Consumption، و4.4 Black Friday and Sales Culture (Vocabulary صفحة 126). وبعدها Consolidation Review B (صفحة 132-139).

إزاي تذاكر الكلمات دي؟

Do not just memorise a list. Learn each word with its meaning, its form (noun, verb, adjective, adverb), the words that go with it, and its opposite.

اقرا الكلمة والمعنى بالإنجليزي البسيط الأول، وبعدين المعنى بالعربي. الامتحان بيسألك بالإنجليزي، فلازم تفهم الشرح الإنجليزي.
بص على المثال وحاول تقول جملة شبهه من دماغك عن حياتك.
اعرف الكلمة دي اسم ولا فعل ولا صفة. ده بالظبط اللي بيتسأل فيه في «Complete with the correct form».
احفظ مع كل كلمة عكسها ومرادفها. المراجعات في الكتاب بتسأل «antonymous meaning» و«could meaningfully replace».
ارجع للكلمات بعد يوم، وبعد 3 أيام، وبعد أسبوع. التكرار ده أحسن من إنك تقعد ساعتين مرة واحدة.

Lesson 4.1 — Food Waste

الدرس ده تقرير رسمي (formal report) عن أسباب هدر الأكل في البيوت المصرية والحلول.

Word	Simple English meaning	المعنى بالعربي	Example
food waste (n.)	food that is thrown away instead of being eaten	هدر الأكل / الأكل اللي بيترمي	Food waste is a serious problem in Egypt.
discard (v.)	to throw something away	يرمي / يتخلص من	Many people discard bread that is still good.
storage (n.)	keeping things in a safe place until you need them	تخزين	Poor storage makes fruit go bad quickly.
confusion (n.)	not being able to understand something clearly	لخبطة / عدم فهم	There is confusion about date labels.
generosity (n.)	being kind and willing to give a lot to others	كرم	During Ramadan, families show great generosity.
recommendation (n.)	an idea about what someone should do	توصية / اقتراح	The report makes three recommendations.
reduce (v.)	to make something smaller or less	يقلل	Better planning can reduce waste.
leftover(s) (n./adj.)	food that has not been eaten after a meal	بواقي الأكل	Shops should give safe leftover food to food banks.
significantly (adv.)	in an important or noticeable way	بشكل كبير / ملحوظ	Waste could go down significantly.
best before (phr.)	the date after which quality may change, but food is still safe	يُفضّل استهلاكه قبل	Food after its best before date is usually safe.
use by (phr.)	the date after which food is no longer safe	صالح للاستخدام حتى	Never eat meat after its use by date.
food bank (n.)	a place that gives free food to people in need	بنك الطعام	Supermarkets can donate to a food bank.
donate (v.)	to give something to help others	يتبرع	Should shops donate unsold food?
overbuying (n.)	buying more than you need	الشراء الزيادة عن اللزوم	Overbuying is a main cause of waste.

Lesson 4.2 — Beyond the Brand

الدرس ده عن إزاي البراندات بتبيع إحساس وهوية مش منتج بس.

Word	Simple English meaning	المعنى بالعربي	Example
brand (n.)	a well-known name linked to a company's products	ماركة / براند	Teenagers are surrounded by brands.
logo (n.)	a picture or symbol that represents a company	شعار / لوجو	The tick logo is famous worldwide.
preference (n.)	liking one thing more than another	تفضيل	Adverts shape our preferences.
belonging (n.)	the feeling of being part of a group	الانتماء	Brands sell the feeling of belonging.
loyalty (n.)	always choosing the same brand and not wanting to change	ولاء	Blind brand loyalty means buying with emotion, not reason.
resist (v.)	to stop yourself from doing something	يقاوم	It is hard to resist a clever advert.
invest (in) (v.)	to put money and effort into something	يستثمر في	Companies invest heavily in brand-building.
recognised (adj.)	known by almost everyone	معروف (الكتاب بيكتبها recognized بالأمريكي)	It is one of the most recognised phones.
valuable (adj.)	worth a lot, or important	قيّم / ليه قيمة	A famous brand is more valuable than one product.
slogan (n.)	a short, memorable phrase used in advertising	شعار كلامي / سلوجان	Write a slogan for your brand.
desirable (adj.)	wanted by many people	مرغوب فيه	Adverts make products look desirable.
manipulate (v.)	to control someone cleverly or unfairly	يتلاعب بـ	Are we free, or are we being manipulated?

Lesson 4.3 — Digital Consumption

الدرس ده عن إزاي الأبلكيشنز «المجانية» بتاخد وقتنا وانتباهنا وبياناتنا.

Word	Simple English meaning	المعنى بالعربي	Example
digital consumption (n.)	the use of apps, websites and online content	الاستهلاك الرقمي	Egypt has high digital consumption.
scroll (v.)	to move down a screen to see more content	يقلّب في الشاشة (سكرول)	It is hard to stop scrolling.
infinite scroll (n.)	content that never ends as you scroll	سكرول مالوش آخر	Infinite scroll keeps users online longer.
autoplay (n.)	the next video starts by itself	تشغيل تلقائي	Autoplay was not created by accident.
notification (n.)	a message on your phone telling you something new	إشعار	Even an unopened notification breaks focus.
data (n.)	information collected about users	بيانات	Apps sell users' data to advertisers.
attention (n.)	the act of focusing on something	انتباه	Your attention has value.
platform (n.)	a website or app where people share content	منصة	Which platform do you use most?
profit (from) (v./n.)	to make money from something	يكسب من / ربح	Platforms profit from teenagers' attention.
drawback (n.)	a disadvantage or problem	عيب	A significant drawback is the constant ads.
regulation (n.)	an official rule that controls something	قانون / تنظيم	China has strict app regulations.

Lesson 4.4 — Black Friday and Sales Culture

الدرس ده عن الحيل النفسية اللي المحلات بتستخدمها في الأوكازيونات.

Word	Simple English meaning	المعنى بالعربي	Example
purchase (v./n.)	to buy something / something you buy	يشتري / مشتريات	They plan their purchases in advance.
fall for (phr. v.)	to be tricked into believing something	ينضحك عليه / يقع في الفخ	Don't fall for fake discounts.
loss aversion (n.)	fearing a loss more than enjoying a gain	الخوف من الخسارة	"Save 50%!" works because of loss aversion.
urgency (n.)	a feeling that something must be done quickly	استعجال / إلحاح	"Only 3 left!" creates urgency.
countdown (n.)	a timer showing how much time is left	عدّاد تنازلي	A countdown clock forces quick decisions.
trick (n./v.)	something done to deceive people	خدعة / يخدع	Sales use clever tricks.
impulse buying (n.)	buying something suddenly without planning	الشراء من غير تفكير	Black Friday encourages impulse buying.
social proof (n.)	thinking something is good because many others choose it	إن الناس كلها بتشتري فيبقى أكيد كويس	Long queues are a kind of social proof.
unnecessary (adj.)	not needed	مش ضروري	We often buy unnecessary things.
overspending (n.)	spending more money than you should	صرف زيادة	Sales can lead to overspending.
deceive (v.)	to make someone believe something false	يخدع	Some "discounts" deceive shoppers.
financial pressure (n.)	stress caused by money problems	ضغط مادي	Debt creates financial pressure.

حيلة للحفظ

اعمل كارت لكل كلمة: الكلمة على وش، والمعنى والمثال وعكسها على الضهر.
قسّم الكلمات زي ما الكتاب مقسمها (درس درس)، لأن كل درس ليه موضوع وده بيسهّل الربط.
استخدم 3 كلمات جديدة كل يوم في جملة عن نفسك، حتى لو جملة بسيطة.

عيلة الكلمة (Word Families)

Word families are groups of words that come from the same root but are different parts of speech: noun, verb, adjective and adverb.

Review B سألت في تحويل الكلمات (زي preserve → preservation). في الوحدة دي احفظ العيلات دي، وخلي بالك من الكلمات اللي ليها صفتين (wasteful / wasted):

إزاي تعرف تختار الشكل الصح؟ بص على الكلمة اللي قبل الفراغ واللي بعده:

لو الفراغ…	يبقى محتاج	مثال
بعد a / an / the / my / this أو بعد صفة	Noun (اسم)	the importance of sleep · a serious problem
بعد الفاعل، أو بعد to، أو بعد can / should / must	Verb (فعل)	Teenagers should reduce screen time.
قبل الاسم، أو بعد is / are / become / feel / seem	Adjective (صفة)	a healthy diet · She feels confident.
بيوصف فعل أو صفة (إزاي؟ قد إيه؟)، وغالبًا آخره -ly	Adverb (ظرف)	They played competitively. · highly effective

Noun (اسم)	Verb (فعل)	Adjective (صفة)	Adverb (ظرف)	المعنى
waste	waste	wasteful / wasted	wastefully	هدر ← مُسرف
storage	store	stored	—	تخزين ← يخزّن
confusion	confuse	confused / confusing	confusingly	لخبطة ← يلخبط
generosity	—	generous	generously	كرم ← كريم
recommendation	recommend	recommended	—	توصية ← يوصي
reduction	reduce	reduced	—	تقليل ← يقلل
consumption / consumer	consume	—	—	استهلاك ← يستهلك
preference	prefer	preferable	preferably	تفضيل ← يفضّل
loyalty	—	loyal / disloyal	loyally	ولاء ← مخلص
resistance	resist	resistant / irresistible	—	مقاومة ← يقاوم
value	value	valuable / invaluable	—	قيمة ← قيّم
urgency	urge	urgent	urgently	إلحاح ← عاجل
necessity	—	necessary / unnecessary	necessarily / unnecessarily	ضرورة ← ضروري
attraction	attract	attractive / unattractive	attractively	جاذبية ← جذاب
persuasion	persuade	persuasive	persuasively	إقناع ← مقنع

كلمات بتيجي مع بعض (Collocations)

A collocation is two or more words that are often used together, like take responsibility or raise awareness. Using them makes your English sound natural.

الـ collocation يعني «كلمات متجوزة»: بتمشي مع بعض دايمًا. مثلًا بنقول take responsibility مش do responsibility. لو حفظتهم كده كتلة واحدة، كتابتك هتبقى أقوى وهتعرف تكمّل الفراغات بسرعة.

Collocation	المعنى	Example
throw away food	يرمي الأكل	We throw away too much bread.
go bad	يبوظ (الأكل)	Fruit goes bad quickly in the heat.
raise awareness of	يزوّد الوعي بـ	Schools can raise awareness of food waste.
make a recommendation	يقدّم توصية	The report makes three recommendations.
brand loyalty	الولاء للبراند	Blind brand loyalty is costly.
invest heavily in	يستثمر بقوة في	Companies invest heavily in adverts.
resist the temptation	يقاوم الإغراء	Try to resist the temptation to buy.
make a purchase	يشتري	Think twice before you make a purchase.
fall for a trick	يقع في خدعة	Many shoppers fall for the same trick.
create a sense of urgency	يعمل إحساس بالاستعجال	Countdown clocks create a sense of urgency.
on sale	عليه خصم	The jacket is on sale this week.
in stock / out of stock	موجود / خلصان	Only three are left in stock.
spend money on	يصرف فلوس على	Don't spend money on things you don't need.
keep users online	يخلي المستخدمين أونلاين	Autoplay is designed to keep users online.

Prefixes و Suffixes في الوحدة

A prefix comes at the start of a word and changes its meaning (un- + realistic = unrealistic). A suffix comes at the end and often changes the part of speech (aware + -ness = awareness).

الـ prefix حتة بتتحط في أول الكلمة وبتغيّر معناها (غالبًا بتقلبها للعكس). الـ suffix حتة بتتحط في آخر الكلمة وبتغيّر نوعها (من صفة لاسم، أو من اسم لصفة…). دي أسهل طريقة تعرف بيها نوع الكلمة من غير ما تكون حافظها.

Prefix / Suffix	بيعمل إيه؟	Examples from the unit
over-	أكتر من اللازم	overbuying, overspending, overeating
un-	عكس / مش	unnecessary, unbranded, unsafe, unknown
dis- / ir-	عكس	disloyal, irresistible (مايتقاومش)
in- (خلي بالك!)	في invaluable معناها قيّم جدًا مش عكس	invaluable = extremely valuable
-less	من غير	worthless (مالوش قيمة), countless (كتير مايتعدّش)
-ful	صفة	wasteful, powerful, successful
-er / -or	الشخص اللي بيعمل	consumer, shopper, competitor
-ion / -tion	اسم	confusion, recommendation, consumption
-ity / -ty	اسم من صفة	generosity, loyalty
-able / -ible	صفة	valuable, desirable, preferable, irresistible
-ive	صفة	persuasive, attractive

مرادفات وأضداد (Synonyms & Antonyms)

A synonym has the same or a similar meaning (fragile = delicate). An antonym has the opposite meaning (mindful ≠ careless).

المراجعات في الكتاب بتسأل سؤالين مشهورين: «The underlined word has an antonymous meaning to…» يعني عكسها إيه، و«Find the word in the text that could meaningfully replace…» يعني مرادفها إيه من القطعة. الجدول ده بيجهزك للاتنين.

Word	Synonym (نفس المعنى)	Antonym (عكسها)	المعنى بالعربي
discard	throw away	keep	يرمي
reduce	decrease / cut	increase	يقلل
generosity	kindness	meanness	كرم
purchase	buy	sell	يشتري
valuable	precious / worth a lot	worthless	قيّم
unnecessary	needless	necessary / essential	مش ضروري
resist	fight against	give in to	يقاوم
loyal	faithful	disloyal	مخلص
fall for	be tricked by	see through / avoid	ينخدع بـ
deceive	trick / mislead	tell the truth	يخدع
confusion	misunderstanding	clarity / understanding	لخبطة
significantly	greatly / considerably	slightly	بشكل كبير
attractive	appealing	unattractive	جذاب
impulse (buying)	sudden / unplanned	planned	من غير تخطيط
drawback	disadvantage	advantage / benefit	عيب

كلمات بتتلخبط في بعض

best before (quality) · use by (safety)دي أهم معلومة في درس 4.1: بعد best before الأكل لسه آمن بس طعمه ممكن يتغير، وبعد use by ممنوع تاكله.
Bread is wasted. · Buying too much is wasteful.wasted = اتهدر فعلًا، وwasteful = بيسبب هدر / مُسرف.
valuable · invaluable · worthlessinvaluable معناها قيّم جدًا (مش عكس valuable)، والعكس الحقيقي worthless.
I prefer tea to coffee. · My preference is tea.prefer فعل وبييجي بعده to للمقارنة، و preference اسم.
The offer is confusing. · Shoppers are confused.-ing للحاجة اللي بتلخبط، و -ed للناس اللي اتلخبطت.
She bought a jacket. · She purchased a jacket.purchase أرسمي شوية من buy، وبتيجي في التقارير والمقالات.

الكلمات في فقرة واحدة

اقرا الفقرة دي وطلّع الكلمات الجديدة اللي عليها bold. حاول تفهم كل كلمة من الجملة اللي حواليها (meaning in context).

Every week, many Egyptian families discard bread, fruit and leftovers. This happens because of overbuying, poor storage and confusion about best before and use by dates. Generosity is a beautiful tradition, but careful planning can reduce waste significantly, and shops could donate unsold food to food banks.

Our choices are also shaped by brands. Companies invest heavily in logos and slogans that sell a feeling of belonging, so our preferences are not always our own. Online, infinite scroll and notifications capture our attention, and on Black Friday, countdown clocks create urgency. Because of loss aversion, we fall for these tricks and make unnecessary purchases. Being a mindful consumer means learning to resist.

المعنى ببساطة: عائلات كتير بترمي أكل بسبب الشراء الزيادة والتخزين الوحش واللخبطة في التواريخ. وكمان البراندات والأبلكيشنز والأوكازيونات بيأثروا على اختياراتنا بحيل زي العداد التنازلي والخوف من الخسارة. المستهلك الواعي بيتعلم يقاوم.

أشهر الأخطاء (غلط ← صح)

I bought this jacket in sale. ← I bought this jacket on sale.
Don't fall in the trick. ← Don't fall for the trick.
Food after its best before date is dangerous. ← It is usually still safe. اللي بيحدد الأمان هو use by.
This ring is invaluable, so it is cheap. ← invaluable = قيّم جدًا.
Companies invest on brands. ← invest in brands.
It was difficult to resist to buy it. ← to resist buying it. (resist + -ing)
The report gives many recommendation. ← many recommendations. (جمع بعد many)

إزاي تجاوب في الامتحان

الكتاب في درس 4.4 (صفحة 124) سأل: «The word falling for is closest in meaning to…» والإجابة being tricked by. احفظ الـ phrasal verbs بمعناها الإنجليزي.
لما تختار بين wasteful / wasted أو confusing / confused: اسأل هل الكلمة بتوصف السبب (-ful / -ing) ولا النتيجة / الإحساس (-ed).
كلمات un- / over- بتغيّر المعنى خالص: necessary ≠ unnecessary، spending ≠ overspending. اقرا الجملة كويس علشان تعرف المعنى المطلوب.
في سؤال «Find a word in the paragraph that means…» الكتاب في درس 4.2 جاب: put money into = invest، known by almost everyone = recognised، worth a lot = valuable. ده نفس شكل الامتحان.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات (Consolidation Reviews) بتيجي بالأشكال دي. شوف إزاي نحل كل نوع خطوة بخطوة:

النوع 1: Closest in meaning

"Many shoppers end up falling for the 'Only 2 left!' message." The phrase falling for is closest in meaning to: a. avoiding b. being tricked by c. reading d. ignoring

الإجابة: b. الرسالة دي حيلة، والمشتري «بيصدّقها وينضحك عليه». (a) و(d) عكس المعنى.

النوع 2: Complete with the correct form

Buying three bags of bread for a small family is very ______. (waste)

الإجابة: wasteful. بعد very محتاجين صفة، والمعنى: الشراء ده بيسبب هدر، يبقى wasteful مش wasted.

النوع 3: Choose the correct answer (vocabulary in a sentence)

To stop yourself from buying something unnecessary is to ______ the temptation. a. promote b. resist c. consume d. waste

الإجابة: b. resist. «توقف نفسك» = تقاوم. الكلمة دي جت بالظبط بالشكل ده في Review B.

تدريب

حل الأول في كشكول، وبعدين دوس Show answer وشوف الإجابة والسبب.

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. The date that tells you when food is no longer safe to eat is the ______ date. a. best before b. use by c. sale d. countdown
Show answer
b. use by — الأمان. best before للجودة بس.
2. Always choosing the same brand and refusing to change is called brand ______. a. preference b. logo c. loyalty d. belonging
Show answer
c. loyalty — الولاء.
3. A sign saying "Offer ends in 10 minutes!" is designed to create ______. a. urgency b. generosity c. storage d. confusion
Show answer
a. urgency — إحساس إنك لازم تقرر بسرعة.
4. Buying a phone case suddenly while waiting at the till, without planning, is ______. a. food waste b. impulse buying c. regulation d. donation
Show answer
b. impulse buying — شراء من غير تخطيط.
5. People think a product must be good because everyone else is buying it. This is ______. a. social proof b. loss aversion c. autoplay d. a slogan
Show answer
a. social proof.
6. A significant ______ of the app is that it collects too much personal data. a. profit b. drawback c. preference d. purchase
Show answer
b. drawback — عيب. بنفس العبارة اللي في Useful Phrases صفحة 122.

B. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets.

7. There is a lot of ______ about food labels in Egypt. (confuse)
Show answer
confusion — بعد a lot of اسم.
8. The report ______ that schools teach food storage. (recommendation)
Show answer
recommends — بعد الفاعل The report فعل مضارع بـ s.
9. Egyptian families are famous for being ______ to guests. (generosity)
Show answer
generous — بعد being صفة.
10. Countdown clocks make offers seem ______. (attract)
Show answer
attractive — make + شيء + صفة.
11. Many people spend money ______ during Black Friday. (necessary)
Show answer
unnecessarily — ظرف بيوصف spend، والمعنى محتاج العكس.
12. Teenagers often show a strong ______ for famous brands. (prefer)
Show answer
preference — بعد a strong اسم، و preference for.
13. Mindful ______ means thinking before you buy. (consume)
Show answer
consumption — بعد الصفة mindful اسم.

C. Read the text, then find words in the text.

Last November, Laila wanted a new pair of trainers. She saw a sign that said "Was 1,200 LE, now 600 LE!" and felt she had to buy them at once. At home, she realised she already had two similar pairs. The next month, she made a plan: before every purchase, she would wait twenty-four hours. Most of the time, the strong wish to buy disappeared. Laila now says that the waiting rule has saved her a great deal of money, and that she no longer allows adverts to trick her.

14. Find a word that means buying / something you buy.
Show answer
purchase — (before every purchase).
15. Find a word that means deceive.
Show answer
trick — (allows adverts to trick her).
16. Find a phrase that means significantly / a lot.
Show answer
a great deal (of) — كتير جدًا.
17. Find a phrase that means immediately.
Show answer
at once — حالًا / فورًا (felt she had to buy them at once).
18. Find the antonym of different.
Show answer
similar — (two similar pairs).
19. Find the antonym of appeared.
Show answer
disappeared — اختفى.

D. Choose the antonym / the correct word.

20. "Many families discard good bread." The underlined word has an antonymous meaning to: a. throw away b. keep c. waste d. reject
Show answer
b. keep — يحتفظ بيه.
21. "These cheap copies are worthless." The antonym is: a. useless b. valuable c. empty d. broken
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b. valuable — قيّم.
22. "The shop offers unnecessary extras." The antonym is: a. needless b. essential c. expensive d. extra
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b. essential — ضروري جدًا.
23. Choose the correct word: The design of the app is (irresistible / resistant); users keep coming back.
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irresistible — مايتقاومش. resistant معناها مقاوم لحاجة (زي waterproof).
24. Choose the correct word: Supermarkets should (donate / discard) safe food to food banks.
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donate — يتبرع. discard يرمي، وده عكس الهدف.

ملخص الدرس في سطرين

4.1: storage, confusion, generosity, recommendations, reduce, leftover, significantly + الفرق بين best before و use by.
4.2: preference, belonging, logo, brand, loyalty, resist · 4.4: purchase, fall for, loss aversion, urgency, countdown, trick.
عيلات: waste → wasteful، confuse → confusion / confusing، generous → generosity، necessary → unnecessary → unnecessarily.
خلي بالك: invaluable = قيّم جدًا، والعكس الحقيقي لـ valuable هو worthless.
أضداد: discard ≠ keep · reduce ≠ increase · purchase ≠ sell · resist ≠ give in to · drawback ≠ advantage.

كل دروس المنهج

Grammar · القواعد

Vocabulary & Language · الكلمات واللغة

Reading · القراية

Listening · الاستماع

Speaking · الكلام

Writing · الكتابة

Literature · الأدب والقصة