The Causative: have / get something done

تانية بكالوريا English

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

We use the causative (have / get + object + past participle) when we arrange for another person to do something for us. We do not do the action ourselves.

الدرس ده عن جملة بنقولها كل يوم في العربي من غير ما ناخد بالنا: «أنا قصّيت شعري». هل إنت اللي مسكت المقص وقصّيته بنفسك؟ لأ طبعًا، الحلاق هو اللي قصّه. إنت بس خليت حد يعمله لك.

الحالة دي اسمها في الإنجليزي the causative (يعني: «إنك تتسبب إن حد تاني يعمل الحاجة»). وبنقولها كده: I had my hair cut. = خليت حد يقص لي شعري.

في الكتاب الدرس ده موجود في Unit 9: Circles of Belonging، درس 9.2 Relationships That Help Us Grow، جزء Have / Get Something Done (Causative Form) (صفحة 111-112)، وبييجي تاني في Consolidation Review E. الكتاب بيقول إننا بنستخدمه كتير لما نتكلم عن الخدمات والبرامج والدعم اللي المدرسة أو الـ mentor (المرشد) بيرتبه لغيره.

الفكرة ببساطة: «عملت» ولا «خليت حد يعمل»؟

Compare: I repaired my laptop. (I did it myself.) I had my laptop repaired. (A technician did it for me.)

بص على الجملتين دول كويس، الفرق كله في مين اللي عمل الشغل:

• I repaired my laptop.أنا اللي صلّحت اللابتوب بإيدي. (جملة عادية: أنا الفاعل وأنا اللي عملت)
• I had my laptop repaired.أنا وديت اللابتوب لفني وهو اللي صلّحه. أنا رتبت بس، والشغل عمله حد تاني. (causative)
• The school painted the bench.المدرسة نفسها دهنت الدكة. (غريبة شوية، المدرسة مبنى!)
• The school had the bench painted.المدرسة جابت حد يدهن الدكة. ده المنطقي، وده الـ causative.

يعني الـ causative بيجاوب على سؤال: «مين رتّب؟» (الفاعل) و«إيه اللي اتعمل؟» (الحاجة + التصريف التالت). أما «مين اللي عمل الشغل فعلًا» فغالبًا مش مهم، ولو مهم بنضيفه بـ by.

التركيبة في 3 خطوات:

1. have أو get في الزمن المطلوب (has / had / will have / is getting …).
2. الحاجة اللي اتعملت (الـ object): my hair / the room / the handbook / it …
3. التصريف التالت للفعل (past participle = V3): cut / redesigned / printed / checked …

التركيبة في كل الأزمنة

Only have / get changes with the tense. The object and the past participle stay the same.

أهم حاجة تفهمها: الزمن بيظهر في have / get بس. الـ object والتصريف التالت مبيتغيروش أبدًا. يعني لو عرفت تصرّف have في أي زمن، يبقى عرفت الـ causative في أي زمن.

السؤال والنفي

Make questions and negatives with the normal auxiliary of the tense: do / does / did, am / is / are, have / has, will.

هنا have في الـ causative بيتعامل زي فعل عادي (مش فعل مساعد). علشان كده في المضارع البسيط والماضي البسيط بنحتاج do / does / did:

• Did the school have the counselling room redesigned?سؤال في الماضي: Did + have (مصدر) — مش had.
• She doesn't have her timetable adjusted every term.نفي في المضارع: doesn't + have.
• Are you having your posters printed today?سؤال في المضارع المستمر: Are + having.
• We haven't had the handbook translated yet.نفي في المضارع التام: haven't had.
• Where did you get your CV checked?سؤال بـ Wh: Where + did + get + obj + pp.

have ولا get؟ وإمتى نستخدم by؟

get is more informal than have, but the meaning is the same. Add by + person only when it is important to say who did the job.

يعني لو قلت I had my essay reviewed وخلاص، كفاية. لكن لو عايز تقول إن اللي راجعه دكتور جامعة (وده مهم علشان يدّي قيمة)، تضيف by a university tutor في الآخر.

معنى تاني: حاجة وحشة حصلت لك

We also use have / get something done for bad experiences that someone else caused, which we did not arrange: She had her phone stolen.

الـ causative كمان بنستخدمه لما حاجة وحشة تحصل لك على إيد حد تاني، وإنت طبعًا ما رتبتهاش:

• Omar had his bike stolen outside the club.عمر اتسرقت عجلته قدام النادي. هو ما طلبش ده طبعًا، بس الجملة بنفس التركيبة.
• Lina got her bag damaged on the school bus.شنطة لينا اتبهدلت في الأتوبيس.

المعنى بيبان من السياق. الكتاب بيركز على المعنى الأول (ترتيب خدمة)، والمعنى ده للمعرفة بس وبيظهر في القراءة.

الـ Causative ولا الـ Passive؟

Both structures use the past participle. In the passive (be + pp) the subject receives the action. In the causative (have + object + pp) the subject arranges the action.

الطلبة بيلخبطوا بين الاتنين علشان الاتنين فيهم تصريف تالت. بص على الفرق:

ولاحظ غلطة الـ Review E: ✗ Lina was checked it by her mentor. ← ✓ Lina had it checked by her mentor. لينا نفسها ما اتراجعتش، اللي اتراجع هو it (الطلب بتاعها).

خلي بالك: had done ≠ had something done

had + pp (past perfect) means the subject did it before another past action. had + object + pp (causative) means someone else did it.

• I had checked my CV before the interview.Past perfect: أنا اللي راجعت السي في بنفسي قبل الإنترفيو.
• I had my CV checked before the interview.Causative: حد تاني راجع لي السي في. الفرق كله في مكان my CV.

القاعدة سهلة: لو الـ object جه بين had والتصريف التالت، يبقى causative. لو جه بعد التصريف التالت، يبقى past perfect عادي.

زيادة للفهم: have someone do / get someone to do

When we want to mention the person first, we use have + person + infinitive or get + person + to + infinitive.

لو عايز تذكر الشخص اللي هيعمل الشغل قبل الحاجة، التركيبة بتتغير شوية:

• The teacher had Mariam revise her presentation.have + شخص + فعل من غير to. المدرّسة خلّت مريم تعدّل العرض بتاعها.
• I got my brother to check my application.get + شخص + to + فعل. خليت أخويا يراجع الطلب (يعني أقنعته).
• I had my application checked by my brother.نفس المعنى تقريبًا بالتركيبة الأساسية بتاعة الدرس (have + حاجة + pp).

الامتحان أغلبه على التركيبة الأساسية have / get + object + pp، فركّز عليها الأول.

أمثلة من موضوعات الوحدة

كل الأمثلة دي من جو Unit 9: الانتماء، الـ mentors والأصحاب اللي بيساعدونا نكبر، برامج الدعم في المدرسة، والمبادرات الصغيرة زي الـ Buddy Bench.

• The school had a Buddy Bench installed in the playground.المدرسة خلّت حد يركّب «دكة الأصحاب» في الملعب.
• New students get their timetables explained by peer mentors.الطلبة الجداد بيخلّوا زمايلهم المرشدين يشرحوا لهم الجدول. (عادة: present simple)
• Our club is having a new logo designed this week.نادينا بيعمل لوجو جديد الأسبوع ده (حد بيصممه لنا دلوقتي).
• Last year, the head teacher had the library repainted in bright colours.السنة اللي فاتت المديرة خلّت حد يدهن المكتبة بألوان مبهجة.
• You should have your personal narrative read by a friend before you submit it.المفروض تخلي صاحبك يقرا الـ personal narrative قبل ما تسلّمها. (modal)
• The volunteers will get the posters printed before the open day.المتطوعين هيطبعوا البوسترات قبل اليوم المفتوح (المطبعة هي اللي هتطبع).
• Have you had your volunteer badge made yet?عملت البادج بتاع المتطوعين ولا لسه؟ (present perfect)
• Mariam had the donation boxes labelled more clearly.مريم خلّت حد يكتب على صناديق التبرعات بشكل أوضح.
• The community centre has its meals delivered to elderly neighbours every Friday.المركز بيخلي حد يوصّل الوجبات لكبار السن من الجيران كل جمعة.
• We got the leaflets translated into Arabic for new families.خلينا حد يترجم المنشورات للعربي علشان العائلات الجديدة.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي. هنحل مثال لكل شكل:

1) Choose the correct answer. (زي Review E)

Karim wrote a cover letter. Before sending it, he ______ by his English teacher.

a. had corrected it b. had it corrected c. was corrected it d. had it correcting

الإجابة: b. ليه؟ الترتيب H-O-P: had + it (الـ cover letter) + corrected. (a) ده past perfect يعني كريم صححه بنفسه ومينفعش مع by his teacher. (c) كريم نفسه ما اتصححش، اللي اتصحح هو الجواب. (d) مفيش -ing.

2) Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct.

a. The club had redesigned its website by a student last month.

b. The club had its website redesign last month.

c. The club had its website redesigned last month.

d. The club had its website to be redesigned last month.

الإجابة: c. (a) الترتيب غلط وبقت past perfect. (b) redesign مصدر مش تصريف تالت. (d) مفيش to be.

3) Fill in the gap with the correct causative form of the verb in brackets.

Next month, we ______ (the garden / clean) by volunteers from the community.

الإجابة: will have / will get the garden cleaned. ليه؟ Next month يعني مستقبل ← will have. وبعدين الحاجة (the garden) وبعدين التصريف التالت (cleaned).

تدريب

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. 1. Our school ______ a new sports hall built last year. a. has b. had c. is having d. will have

   Show answer

   b. had — last year يبقى ماضي بسيط.

2. 2. Many families get their groceries ______ to their door. a. deliver b. delivering c. delivered d. to deliver

   Show answer

   c. delivered — بعد الـ object لازم التصريف التالت.

3. 3. You should ______ your application form checked before you send it. a. have b. had c. having d. to have

   Show answer

   a. have — بعد should فعل مصدر.

4. 4. ______ you had your photo taken for the student card yet? a. Did b. Do c. Have d. Are

   Show answer

   c. Have — yet مع الـ present perfect: Have you had …?

5. 5. The mentors are ______ the welcome packs printed at the moment. a. have b. having c. had d. has

   Show answer

   b. having — at the moment ← مضارع مستمر: are having.

6. 6. Hana ______ her bag stolen on the way home, so she reported it. a. got b. gets c. was d. made

   Show answer

   a. got — حاجة وحشة حصلت لها في الماضي: got her bag stolen.

7. 7. The head teacher had the counselling room ______ to make it more welcoming. a. redecorate b. redecorated c. redecorating d. to redecorate

   Show answer

   b. redecorated — H-O-P: had + the room + pp.

8. 8. Before the exhibition, the students got the artwork ______ by a professional. a. framed b. frame c. framing d. to frame

   Show answer

   a. framed — get + object + pp، وby a professional هو اللي عمل الشغل.

B. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

1. 9. a. We had translated our leaflets by a volunteer. b. We had our leaflets translated by a volunteer. c. We had our leaflets translate by a volunteer. d. We had our leaflets translating by a volunteer.

   Show answer

   b — (a) past perfect ومعناه إحنا اللي ترجمنا، فمينفعش by a volunteer. (c) مصدر. (d) -ing.

2. 10. a. Did you had your eyes tested last week? b. Did you have tested your eyes last week? c. Did you have your eyes tested last week? d. Have you had your eyes tested last week?

   Show answer

   c — بعد Did مصدر (have)، والـ object قبل الـ pp. (d) غلط لأن last week ماضي محدد مينفعش مع present perfect.

3. 11. a. The club will gets its new kit designed. b. The club will get designed its new kit. c. The club will get its new kit designing. d. The club will get its new kit designed.

   Show answer

   d — will + get (مصدر) + its new kit + designed.

4. 12. a. The school has its playground cleaned every Sunday. b. The school has cleaned its playground every Sunday by workers. c. The school is having its playground cleaned every Sunday. d. The school has its playground clean every Sunday.

   Show answer

   a — every ← present simple (has)، و cleaned تصريف تالت. (b) present perfect ومعناه المدرسة نظفت بنفسها. (c) المستمر مينفعش مع every. (d) clean مصدر.

C. Fill in the gaps with the correct causative form of the words in brackets.

Last term, our community centre (13) ______ (the old hall / repair) by local builders. Now we (14) ______ (new chairs / make) by a carpentry workshop. Next month, we (15) ______ (the opening day / film) so that we can share it online. If you want to volunteer, you should (16) ______ (your name / add) to the list at reception.

1. 13. (the old hall / repair) — Last term

   Show answer

   had the old hall repaired — Last term ← ماضي بسيط.

2. 14. (new chairs / make) — Now

   Show answer

   are having / are getting new chairs made — Now ← مضارع مستمر، و make ← made.

3. 15. (the opening day / film) — Next month

   Show answer

   will have / will get the opening day filmed — مستقبل.

4. 16. (your name / add) — should

   Show answer

   have / get your name added — بعد should مصدر.

D. Rewrite each sentence using the causative (have / get something done).

1. 17. A technician repaired my laptop yesterday.

   Show answer

   I had / got my laptop repaired (by a technician) yesterday. — أنا اللي رتبت، فأنا الفاعل.

2. 18. A designer is creating a new logo for our club.

   Show answer

   We are having / getting a new logo created for our club. — نفس الزمن (المستمر) بيظهر في have.

3. 19. Someone will check Ali's CV before he applies.

   Show answer

   Ali will have / get his CV checked before he applies.

4. 20. Senior students wrote the school's mentorship handbook.

   Show answer

   The school had its mentorship handbook written by senior students. — by هنا مهمة لأنها بتقول مين كتب.

5. 21. Find and correct the mistake: The teacher had checked my essay by a tutor.

   Show answer

   The teacher had my essay checked by a tutor. — الـ object يتحط بين had والتصريف التالت.

6. 22. Find and correct the mistake: We are having made our uniforms by a local tailor.

   Show answer

   We are having our uniforms made by a local tailor. — H-O-P.

7. 23. Write ONE sentence about a service your school arranges for new students. Use the causative.

   Show answer

   مثال: Our school has new students' timetables explained by peer mentors in the first week. — have + object + pp وموضوع من الوحدة (الدعم والانتماء).

8. 24. JRE: Should schools have their well-being programmes reviewed by outside experts? Write 2-3 sentences and use the causative once.

   Show answer

   مثال: Justify: Yes, schools should have their well-being programmes reviewed by outside experts. Reason: Experts can notice problems that teachers miss. Evidence: For example, our school had its buddy scheme checked by a psychologist, and more lonely students were helped. — الـ causative في جملة الرأي وفي الدليل.