تانية بكالوريا · Vocabulary · Unit 5

Climate Change and Renewable Energy

أهم كلمات Unit 5 (The Greenhouse Effect): أزمة المناخ، الطاقة المتجددة، مشروعات مصر الخضرا، ومبادرات الشباب — بالمعنى والعيلة والأضداد وتدريب بشكل أسئلة الكتاب.

تانية بكالوريا English

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

This page collects the key vocabulary of Unit 5: The Greenhouse Effect: the climate crisis, renewable energy, green projects in Egypt such as Benban Solar Park, and young people taking action.

الوحدة دي عن تغيّر المناخ: أسبابه (زي حرق الوقود الأحفوري)، ونتايجه (ذوبان الجليد، ارتفاع البحر، الحرايق، انقراض الكائنات)، والحلول (الطاقة الشمسية والرياح، إعادة التدوير، ومبادرات الشباب المصري).

الكلمات هنا من نصوص الوحدة ومربعات الـ Vocabulary والـ Self-Assessment بتاعتها، ومعاها عيلة الكلمة والمرادفات والأضداد وتدريب بنفس شكل أسئلة الكتاب.

في الكتاب: Book 1 · Unit 5 (صفحة 140-169). الدروس: 5.1 The Climate Crisis (Vocabulary صفحة 146)، 5.2 Renewable Energy — Powering a Sustainable Future، 5.3 Greening Projects in Egypt (Vocabulary صفحة 159)، و5.4 Individual and Collective Actions (سؤال «find the word that could meaningfully replace» صفحة 164). والـ Self-Assessment صفحة 169 بيقول لازم تفهم وتستخدم: greenhouse effect, fossil fuels, carbon emissions, biodiversity, renewable, intermittency, sustainability.

إزاي تذاكر الكلمات دي؟

Do not just memorise a list. Learn each word with its meaning, its form (noun, verb, adjective, adverb), the words that go with it, and its opposite.

اقرا الكلمة والمعنى بالإنجليزي البسيط الأول، وبعدين المعنى بالعربي. الامتحان بيسألك بالإنجليزي، فلازم تفهم الشرح الإنجليزي.
بص على المثال وحاول تقول جملة شبهه من دماغك عن حياتك.
اعرف الكلمة دي اسم ولا فعل ولا صفة. ده بالظبط اللي بيتسأل فيه في «Complete with the correct form».
احفظ مع كل كلمة عكسها ومرادفها. المراجعات في الكتاب بتسأل «antonymous meaning» و«could meaningfully replace».
ارجع للكلمات بعد يوم، وبعد 3 أيام، وبعد أسبوع. التكرار ده أحسن من إنك تقعد ساعتين مرة واحدة.

Lesson 5.1 — The Climate Crisis

الدرس ده مقال عن أسباب تغيّر المناخ ونتايجه على الناس والطبيعة.

Word	Simple English meaning	المعنى بالعربي	Example
climate crisis (n.)	the serious, dangerous situation caused by climate change	أزمة المناخ	Human activity is the main driver of the climate crisis.
greenhouse effect (n.)	heat trapped in the atmosphere by gases such as CO₂	ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري (الصوبة)	The greenhouse effect raises global temperatures.
fossil fuels (n.)	coal, oil and natural gas, formed from ancient plants and animals	الوقود الأحفوري	Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.
emissions (n.)	gases released into the air, especially ones that pollute	انبعاثات	Cars produce carbon emissions.
alarming rate (n.)	a speed that causes worry because it is increasing fast	معدل مقلق	Ice is melting at an alarming rate.
intensity (n.)	the strength or degree of something	شدة	Floods are occurring with greater intensity.
hurricane (n.)	a very strong storm with powerful winds	إعصار	Hurricanes are becoming more frequent.
drought (n.)	a long period with little or no rain	جفاف	Droughts destroy crops.
biodiversity (n.)	the variety of plant and animal life	التنوع البيولوجي	Biodiversity is under serious threat.
habitat (n.)	the natural home of an animal or plant	موطن طبيعي	Species struggle when habitats shift.
acidification (n.)	the process of becoming more acidic	زيادة الحموضة	Ocean acidification kills coral.
bleaching (n.)	the process of losing colour	ابيضاض (فقدان اللون)	Coral bleaching has hit the Great Barrier Reef.
extinction (n.)	when a type of animal or plant no longer exists	انقراض	We may face the sixth mass extinction.
fertile (adj.)	able to produce many plants or crops	خصبة	Some fertile regions are becoming dry.
arid (adj.)	very dry, with little rain	جاف / قاحل	Many areas are becoming increasingly arid.
consensus (n.)	general agreement among a group of people	إجماع / اتفاق	The scientific consensus is clear.
fraction (n.)	a small part or amount of something	جزء صغير	Every fraction of a degree matters.
irreversible (adj.)	that cannot be changed back	مالوش رجوع	The damage could be irreversible.

Lesson 5.2 — Renewable Energy

الدرس ده بودكاست عن التحوّل للطاقة النضيفة: الشمس والرياح والمياه وحرارة الأرض.

Word	Simple English meaning	المعنى بالعربي	Example
renewable (adj.)	that comes from a natural source that never runs out	متجددة	Solar power is a renewable energy source.
solar (adj.)	related to the sun	شمسي	Benban is a solar park in Aswan.
wind turbine (n.)	a tall machine that uses wind to make electricity	توربينة رياح	Offshore wind turbines provide clean power.
geothermal (adj.)	using heat from inside the Earth	حراري أرضي	Geothermal energy works non-stop.
hydro / hydroelectric (adj.)	using moving water to make electricity	كهرومائي	The High Dam produces hydroelectric power.
intermittency (n.)	stopping and starting, not continuous (no sun at night)	التقطّع (مش مستمر)	Batteries solve the problem of intermittency.
battery storage (n.)	keeping electricity in batteries to use later	تخزين الكهرباء في بطاريات	Battery storage is improving fast.
energy transition (n.)	the change from fossil fuels to clean energy	التحوّل في مصادر الطاقة	The energy transition creates new jobs.
carbon footprint (n.)	the amount of CO₂ produced by a person or activity	البصمة الكربونية	Cycling has a low carbon footprint.
sustainable (adj.)	able to continue without harming the future	مستدام	We need a sustainable future.
achievable (adj.)	possible to do	ممكن يتحقق	A fully renewable grid is achievable.
investment (n.)	putting money into something to get results	استثمار	Clean energy needs more investment.

Lesson 5.3 — Greening Projects in Egypt

الدرس ده عن مشروعات مصر الخضرا: Benban Solar Park، مبادرة Go Green، و Green Cities.

Word	Simple English meaning	المعنى بالعربي	Example
awareness (n.)	knowing about and understanding an issue	وعي	The campaign raises awareness about plastic.
sustainability (n.)	meeting today's needs without harming future generations	استدامة	Hotels in Sharm El-Sheikh focus on sustainability.
initiative (n.)	a plan or programme to achieve a goal	مبادرة	The Go Green initiative encourages recycling.
recycling (n.)	turning waste into new, reusable products	إعادة التدوير	Recycling projects are supported by the government.
efficiency (n.)	doing a task with little waste of time or resources	كفاءة	Energy efficiency in buildings saves money.
e-waste (n.)	old electronic devices that are thrown away	مخلفات إلكترونية	New laws manage e-waste safely.
natural resources (n.)	things from nature that people use, like water and oil	موارد طبيعية	Protect our natural resources.
reliance (on) (n.)	depending on something	اعتماد على	Egypt is reducing its reliance on fossil fuels.
pollution (n.)	harmful substances in the air, water or land	تلوث	Solar power reduces air pollution.

Lesson 5.4 — Individual and Collective Actions

الدرس ده عن شباب مصريين بيعملوا حاجة للبيئة: سخان شمسي رخيص وحملة لتنضيف النيل.

Word	Simple English meaning	المعنى بالعربي	Example
determination (n.)	a strong will to finish a task	عزيمة / إصرار	She had never seen so much determination.
innovation (n.)	a new idea, method or invention	ابتكار	Egypt can lead green innovation in Africa.
low-cost (adj.)	cheap, not expensive	تكلفته قليلة	Omar's team designed a low-cost solar heater.
volunteer (n./v.)	a person who works without pay to help	متطوع / يتطوع	The campaign grew to two hundred volunteers.
campaign (n.)	organised activities to achieve a goal	حملة	Farida started a Nile clean-up campaign.
collective (adj.)	done by a group of people together	جماعي	We need individual and collective action.
delegate (n.)	a person chosen to represent others at a meeting	مندوب / ممثل	The delegates listened to the young speakers.
activist (n.)	a person who works hard for social or political change	ناشط	Young climate activists are refusing to wait.
advocacy (n.)	public support for an idea or cause	دعم / مناصرة لقضية	The Maldives uses international advocacy.

حيلة للحفظ

اعمل كارت لكل كلمة: الكلمة على وش، والمعنى والمثال وعكسها على الضهر.
قسّم الكلمات زي ما الكتاب مقسمها (درس درس)، لأن كل درس ليه موضوع وده بيسهّل الربط.
استخدم 3 كلمات جديدة كل يوم في جملة عن نفسك، حتى لو جملة بسيطة.

عيلة الكلمة (Word Families)

Word families are groups of words that come from the same root but are different parts of speech: noun, verb, adjective and adverb.

كلمات البيئة ليها عيلات كتير والامتحان بيحب يسأل فيها. احفظ الجدول ده، وخلي بالك من non- و ir- و in-:

إزاي تعرف تختار الشكل الصح؟ بص على الكلمة اللي قبل الفراغ واللي بعده:

لو الفراغ…	يبقى محتاج	مثال
بعد a / an / the / my / this أو بعد صفة	Noun (اسم)	the importance of sleep · a serious problem
بعد الفاعل، أو بعد to، أو بعد can / should / must	Verb (فعل)	Teenagers should reduce screen time.
قبل الاسم، أو بعد is / are / become / feel / seem	Adjective (صفة)	a healthy diet · She feels confident.
بيوصف فعل أو صفة (إزاي؟ قد إيه؟)، وغالبًا آخره -ly	Adverb (ظرف)	They played competitively. · highly effective

Noun (اسم)	Verb (فعل)	Adjective (صفة)	Adverb (ظرف)	المعنى
pollution / pollutant	pollute	polluted	—	تلوث ← يلوّث
renewal	renew	renewable / non-renewable	—	تجديد ← متجدد
sustainability	sustain	sustainable / unsustainable	sustainably	استدامة ← مستدام
emission	emit	—	—	انبعاث ← يطلق
efficiency	—	efficient / inefficient	efficiently	كفاءة ← كفء
awareness	—	aware / unaware	—	وعي ← واعي
innovation / innovator	innovate	innovative	innovatively	ابتكار ← مبتكر
determination	determine	determined	—	عزيمة ← مصمم
destruction	destroy	destructive	destructively	تدمير ← مدمّر
extinction	—	extinct	—	انقراض ← منقرض
intensity	intensify	intense	intensely	شدة ← شديد
recycling	recycle	recycled / recyclable	—	تدوير ← يدوّر
fertility	fertilise	fertile	—	خصوبة ← خصب
alarm	alarm	alarming / alarmed	alarmingly	قلق ← مقلق
severity	—	severe	severely	شدة / خطورة ← شديد

كلمات بتيجي مع بعض (Collocations)

A collocation is two or more words that are often used together, like take responsibility or raise awareness. Using them makes your English sound natural.

الـ collocation يعني «كلمات متجوزة»: بتمشي مع بعض دايمًا. مثلًا بنقول take responsibility مش do responsibility. لو حفظتهم كده كتلة واحدة، كتابتك هتبقى أقوى وهتعرف تكمّل الفراغات بسرعة.

Collocation	المعنى	Example
burn fossil fuels	يحرق الوقود الأحفوري	Factories burn fossil fuels for energy.
release carbon dioxide	يطلق ثاني أكسيد الكربون	Cars release carbon dioxide.
reduce emissions	يقلل الانبعاثات	Solar parks help reduce emissions.
rising sea levels	ارتفاع منسوب البحر	Rising sea levels threaten Alexandria.
extreme weather	طقس متطرف	Extreme weather is more frequent.
under threat	مهدد	Coral reefs are under threat.
at risk	في خطر	Food security is at risk.
take action	يتحرك / ياخد خطوة	We must take action now.
raise awareness	ينشر الوعي	Students can raise awareness at school.
renewable energy sources	مصادر طاقة متجددة	Egypt is investing in renewable energy sources.
switch to solar	يحوّل لـ الطاقة الشمسية	Switch to solar today!
carbon footprint	البصمة الكربونية	Reduce your carbon footprint.
climate action	العمل من أجل المناخ	Young people lead climate action.
future generations	الأجيال الجاية	Our decisions affect future generations.

Prefixes و Suffixes في الوحدة

A prefix comes at the start of a word and changes its meaning (un- + realistic = unrealistic). A suffix comes at the end and often changes the part of speech (aware + -ness = awareness).

الـ prefix حتة بتتحط في أول الكلمة وبتغيّر معناها (غالبًا بتقلبها للعكس). الـ suffix حتة بتتحط في آخر الكلمة وبتغيّر نوعها (من صفة لاسم، أو من اسم لصفة…). دي أسهل طريقة تعرف بيها نوع الكلمة من غير ما تكون حافظها.

Prefix / Suffix	بيعمل إيه؟	Examples from the unit
non-	مش	non-renewable, non-stop
ir- / in- / un-	عكس	irreversible, inefficient, unsustainable, unaware, unchecked
pre-	قبل	pre-industrial (قبل الثورة الصناعية)
re-	تاني / من جديد	recycle, renewable, reuse
bio- / geo- / hydro- / photo-	حياة / أرض / ميّه / ضوء	biodiversity, geothermal, hydroelectric, photovoltaic
-ity	اسم من صفة	sustainability, intensity, biodiversity
-tion / -sion	اسم من فعل	extinction, acidification, emission, innovation
-able	صفة = ممكن	sustainable, renewable, achievable, recyclable
-ness	اسم	awareness
-ist	شخص	activist, scientist
-ly	ظرف	increasingly, significantly, alarmingly

مرادفات وأضداد (Synonyms & Antonyms)

A synonym has the same or a similar meaning (fragile = delicate). An antonym has the opposite meaning (mindful ≠ careless).

المراجعات في الكتاب بتسأل سؤالين مشهورين: «The underlined word has an antonymous meaning to…» يعني عكسها إيه، و«Find the word in the text that could meaningfully replace…» يعني مرادفها إيه من القطعة. الجدول ده بيجهزك للاتنين.

Word	Synonym (نفس المعنى)	Antonym (عكسها)	المعنى بالعربي
renewable	inexhaustible (never runs out)	non-renewable	متجدد
fertile	productive	arid / barren	خصب
arid	dry	wet / fertile	جاف
severe	serious / extreme	mild	شديد
frequent	common / regular	rare	متكرر
consensus	agreement	disagreement	إجماع
irreversible	permanent	reversible	مالوش رجوع
rising	increasing	falling	بيزيد
efficient	economical / productive	inefficient / wasteful	كفء
low-cost	cheap / affordable	expensive	رخيص
collective	shared / group	individual	جماعي
destroy	damage / ruin	protect / preserve	يدمّر
threaten	endanger	protect	يهدد
innovative	creative / new	traditional / old-fashioned	مبتكر
primary	main	secondary / minor	رئيسي

كلمات بتتلخبط في بعض

weather (today's rain or sun) · climate (the usual weather over many years)weather = الجو النهارده، و climate = المناخ على مدى سنين طويلة.
renewable energy · recyclable plasticrenewable = طاقة مصدرها مابيخلصش، و recyclable = حاجة ممكن تتدوّر.
The campaign was effective. · Solar panels are efficient.effective = بيجيب نتيجة، وefficient = بيجيب النتيجة من غير هدر وقت وموارد.
Heat affects crops. · Heat has an effect on crops.زي ما اتعلمنا: affect فعل، effect اسم: the effects of climate change.
an alarming rate · alarmed scientists-ing للحاجة اللي بتقلق، -ed للناس القلقانين.
emissions · omissionsemissions = انبعاثات، و omissions = حاجات اتسابت / اتشالت. شكلهم قريب بس المعنى مختلف خالص.

الكلمات في فقرة واحدة

اقرا الفقرة دي وطلّع الكلمات الجديدة اللي عليها bold. حاول تفهم كل كلمة من الجملة اللي حواليها (meaning in context).

Since the Industrial Revolution, humans have burned fossil fuels and released huge amounts of carbon dioxide. As a result, the greenhouse effect has grown stronger, and the planet is warming at an alarming rate. Droughts, hurricanes and floods now strike with greater intensity, fertile land is becoming arid, and biodiversity is under serious threat. The scientific consensus is clear: if we do not take action, some damage may be irreversible.

Fortunately, renewable energy offers hope. In Aswan, Benban Solar Park produces clean electricity, and better battery storage is solving the problem of intermittency. National initiatives encourage recycling and energy efficiency, while young Egyptians show real determination. From low-cost solar heaters to Nile clean-up campaigns run by volunteers, their innovation proves that individual and collective actions can build a sustainable future.

المعنى ببساطة: من أيام الثورة الصناعية والإنسان بيحرق وقود أحفوري، وده قوّى الاحتباس الحراري فالأرض بتسخن بسرعة مقلقة، والكوارث زادت والتنوع البيولوجي في خطر. بس الطاقة المتجددة زي بنبان، والمبادرات، وحماس الشباب المصري، بيدّونا أمل في مستقبل مستدام. لاحظ كلمات السبب والنتيجة: As a result.

أشهر الأخطاء (غلط ← صح)

Solar energy is a renewal source. ← a renewable source.
Benban reduces pollute. ← Benban reduces pollution. (بعد reduces اسم)
The weather of Egypt is changing over 100 years. ← The climate of Egypt…
Hurricanes are becoming more frequently. ← more frequent. (بعد become صفة)
Many species are extinction. ← Many species are extinct. (بعد are صفة)
We must do action now. ← We must take action now.
The desert is very fertile. ← The desert is very arid. (fertile = بتطلّع زرع كتير، وعكسها arid)

إزاي تجاوب في الامتحان

الكتاب في درس 5.1 بيطلب منك «Guess the meaning of the words in bold». خمّن من الجملة: مثلًا «becoming increasingly arid» بعد كلام عن قلة المطر ← يبقى dry.
في سؤال «Which phrase means…» زي اللي في صفحة 145: دوّر على عبارة كاملة مش كلمة واحدة لو المعنى طويل.
كلمات الوحدة دي بتيجي كتير مع cause-and-effect: because of / due to + اسم (due to pollution)، يبقى لازم تعرف الاسم من كل عيلة.
في «Find the word that could meaningfully replace» (صفحة 164): الكلمة البديلة لازم تبقى نفس النوع وفي نفس الفقرة اللي السؤال محددها.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات (Consolidation Reviews) بتيجي بالأشكال دي. شوف إزاي نحل كل نوع خطوة بخطوة:

النوع 1: Guess the meaning from context

"Because of changing rainfall patterns, regions that were once fertile are becoming increasingly arid." What does arid mean? a. very dry b. very cold c. crowded d. green

الإجابة: a. السبب «تغيّر المطر»، والكلمة عكس fertile. يبقى الأرض بقت ناشفة.

النوع 2: Complete with the correct form

Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity very ______. (efficient)

الإجابة: efficiently. بيوصف الفعل convert، وبعد very فيه ظرف ← نزود -ly.

النوع 3: Find a word similar in meaning

"The volunteers showed great determination to finish the clean-up." Which word is similar in meaning to determination? a. communication b. persistence c. pollution d. innovation

الإجابة: b. persistence. determination = عزيمة وإصرار. الكتاب نفسه بيعرّفها «a strong will to finish a task».

تدريب

حل الأول في كشكول، وبعدين دوس Show answer وشوف الإجابة والسبب.

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. Coal, oil and natural gas are called ______. a. renewable sources b. fossil fuels c. habitats d. turbines
Show answer
b. fossil fuels — الوقود الأحفوري.
2. The variety of plant and animal life in an area is its ______. a. biodiversity b. intensity c. consensus d. efficiency
Show answer
a. biodiversity.
3. Solar power stops at night, and wind power stops when the air is still. This problem is called ______. a. acidification b. bleaching c. intermittency d. extinction
Show answer
c. intermittency — الطاقة مش مستمرة.
4. "Most scientists agree that humans cause climate change." This shows a scientific ______. a. fraction b. consensus c. drought d. campaign
Show answer
b. consensus — اتفاق عام.
5. The Go Green ______ encourages people to reduce plastic and recycle. a. initiative b. emission c. hurricane d. footprint
Show answer
a. initiative — مبادرة.
6. The amount of carbon dioxide your lifestyle produces is your ______. a. carbon footprint b. battery storage c. habitat d. delegate
Show answer
a. carbon footprint.

B. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets.

7. Wildfires are becoming more ______ every year. (intensity)
Show answer
intense — بعد more وبعد becoming صفة.
8. Many animals face ______ because their habitats are disappearing. (extinct)
Show answer
extinction — بعد الفعل face مفعول به اسم.
9. Hotels in Sharm El-Sheikh use energy ______. (efficient)
Show answer
efficiently — ظرف بيوصف use.
10. Burning coal is ______ for the environment. (destroy)
Show answer
destructive — بعد is صفة.
11. Omar's team has designed an ______ solar water heater. (innovate)
Show answer
innovative — قبل الاسم صفة، و an لأنها بتبدأ بحرف متحرك.
12. Glaciers are melting ______ fast. (alarm)
Show answer
alarmingly — ظرف بيوصف الصفة fast.
13. Sadly, many people are still ______ of the dangers of e-waste, so they throw old phones in the bin. (awareness)
Show answer
unaware — بعد are صفة، والمعنى «لسه» ← يعني مش واعيين.

C. Read the text, then find words in the text.

In a small village near Fayoum, a group of secondary students noticed that their families burned rubbish in the street every week. The smoke was harmful, and the elders said that the land had become less productive over the years. The students started a recycling club. With help from local farmers, they turned food scraps into natural fertiliser. The project was cheap to run and easy to copy, and within six months nearby villages had joined. The students believe that small, shared efforts can create permanent change.

14. Find a word that means fertile / producing a lot.
Show answer
productive — (less productive).
15. Find a word that means low-cost.
Show answer
cheap — (cheap to run).
16. Find a word that means collective.
Show answer
shared — (shared efforts).
17. Find a word that means irreversible / lasting.
Show answer
permanent — دايم.
18. Find the antonym of harmless.
Show answer
harmful — (The smoke was harmful).
19. Find the antonym of large / huge.
Show answer
small — (a small village / small efforts).

D. Choose the antonym / the correct word.

20. "Hurricanes are becoming more frequent." The antonym of frequent is: a. common b. rare c. regular d. strong
Show answer
b. rare — نادر.
21. "The effects of the drought were severe." The underlined word has an antonymous meaning to: a. serious b. extreme c. mild d. harsh
Show answer
c. mild — خفيف. الباقي مرادفات.
22. "Sea levels are rising." The antonym is: a. increasing b. falling c. growing d. moving
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b. falling — بيقل.
23. Choose the correct word: Wind and solar are (renewable / recyclable) energy sources.
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renewable — مصدرها مابيخلصش. recyclable للحاجات اللي بتتدوّر.
24. Choose the correct word: Egypt has reduced its (reliance / recycling) on fossil fuels.
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reliance — اعتماد. وخلي بالك: reliance on.

ملخص الدرس في سطرين

5.1: alarming rate, hurricanes, intensity, biodiversity, acidification, bleaching, fertile, consensus, fraction + greenhouse effect, fossil fuels, emissions.
5.2 و 5.3: renewable, solar, geothermal, intermittency, battery storage · awareness, sustainability, initiative, recycling, emissions, efficiency.
عيلات: intense → intensity، extinct → extinction، efficient → efficiency → efficiently، sustain → sustainable → sustainability، aware → unaware → awareness.
أضداد: renewable ≠ non-renewable · fertile ≠ arid · frequent ≠ rare · severe ≠ mild · rising ≠ falling · collective ≠ individual.
Collocations: burn fossil fuels · reduce emissions · take action · raise awareness · under threat.

كل دروس المنهج

Grammar · القواعد

Vocabulary & Language · الكلمات واللغة

Reading · القراية

Listening · الاستماع

Speaking · الكلام

Writing · الكتابة

Literature · الأدب والقصة