Participial Phrases (-ing / -ed)

تانية بكالوريا English

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

A participial phrase is a group of words that begins with a verb in its -ing form (exercising) or its -ed / past participle form (motivated, given). It adds detail to the main clause, so we can say more in one clear sentence.

الدرس ده عن طريقة بنختصر بيها الكلام. بدل ما نكتب جملتين طوال، بنحط فعل بـ -ing أو بـ -ed في أول الجملة أو بعد اسم، ويبقى معانا جملة واحدة فيها معلومات أكتر.

في الكتاب الدرس ده في Unit 1 : Living Well in a Complex World، جزء Grammar Focus: Participial Phrases and Relative Clauses (صفحة 24-25)، وبييجي تاني في Consolidation Review A. الكتاب بيقول إن الـ participial phrase بتساعدك تقدّم الدليل (evidence) باختصار، وتسيب رأيك (claim) واضح في الجملة الأساسية (main clause).

كلمتين لازم تعرفهم:

الفكرة ببساطة: جملتين ← جملة واحدة

When two sentences have the same subject, we can turn one of them into a participial phrase. We drop the subject and change the verb to -ing (active) or -ed / V3 (passive).

تخيل إنك بتحكي لصاحبك: «أنا كنت بتمرن كل يوم، فبقيت أنام أحسن». ممكن تختصرها: «بتمريني كل يوم، بقيت أنام أحسن». ده بالظبط اللي بنعمله في الإنجليزي.

• Teenagers follow healthy habits. As a result, they improve their well-being.جملتين، والفاعل واحد (teenagers = they).
• Following healthy habits, teenagers improve their well-being.جملة واحدة. شلنا الفاعل من الجملة الأولى وخلينا الفعل -ing. المعنى: المراهقين، لما بيتبعوا عادات صحية، بيحسّنوا حالتهم.
• Many people are motivated by their health goals. They choose an active lifestyle.جملتين، والجملة الأولى مبنية للمجهول (are motivated).
• Motivated by their health goals, many people choose an active lifestyle.شلنا many people are وسيبنا التصريف التالت motivated. المعنى: ناس كتير، وهم متحفّزين بأهدافهم الصحية، بيختاروا حياة فيها حركة.

خطوات الدمج (combine) في 4 خطوات:

1. اتأكد إن الفاعل واحد في الجملتين. لو مختلف، مينفعش تعمل participial phrase.
2. اختار الجملة اللي هتختصرها (غالبًا اللي فيها السبب أو الوقت أو التفاصيل)، وسيب الـ claim أو النتيجة في الـ main clause.
3. شيل الفاعل والفعل المساعد، وحوّل الفعل: لو الفاعل بيعمل الفعل ← -ing. لو الفعل اتعمل فيه ← V3 (-ed).
4. لو الـ phrase في أول الجملة حط بعدها فاصلة (,)، وبعدها الفاعل على طول.

الأنواع والأشكال

There are three main forms: -ing (active, same time or reason), -ed / V3 (passive meaning) and having + V3 (one action finished before the other).

الأفعال الشاذة (irregular) مهمة جدًا هنا، لأن الـ past participle بتاعها مش بـ ed. أشهرهم في موضوعات الوحدة:

مكان الـ Participial Phrase في الجملة

A participial phrase can come at the beginning of the sentence (followed by a comma), after a noun (to describe it) or at the end of the sentence (to show a result or an extra action).

الكتاب بيقارن بين الدرسين ده والـ relative clauses: الـ participial phrase بعد الاسم هي relative clause مختصرة.

• People who eat healthy food stay fit and active.relative clause فيها who + فعل.
• People eating healthy food stay fit and active.participial phrase: شلنا who وخلينا الفعل -ing. نفس المعنى بالظبط.
• Snacks which are made with a lot of sugar harm teeth.relative clause مبنية للمجهول.
• Snacks made with a lot of sugar harm teeth.شلنا which are وسيبنا V3 (made).

الـ Participial Phrase بتدّينا معنى إيه؟

A participial phrase can show time (when), reason (why), result or simply description. The context tells us the meaning.

الـ phrase مفيهاش كلمة زي because أو when، بس المعنى بيبان من السياق. لو عايز توضّح أكتر، ممكن تحط when / while / after / before قبل الـ -ing.

• Feeling stressed, Karim called his best friend.سبب: علشان كان حاسس بضغط، كلم صاحبه. = Because he felt stressed…
• Arriving at the gym, I saw my coach.وقت: لما وصلت الجيم شفت المدرب. = When I arrived…
• While scrolling through social media, Nadia compared herself to others.وقت في نفس اللحظة. while بتوضح إن الحدثين مع بعض.
• After reading the study, the teacher changed the timetable.وقت: بعد ما قرت الدراسة. after + ing.
• Sleep improves memory, helping students learn faster.نتيجة: النوم بيحسّن الذاكرة، وده بيساعد الطلبة يتعلموا أسرع.
• Encouraged by her family, Hana joined a mindfulness course.سبب + مجهول: علشان عيلتها شجعتها، اشتركت في كورس mindfulness.
• Having slept for eight hours, the students felt fresh in the exam.حدث خلص قبل التاني: ناموا 8 ساعات الأول، وبعدين حسّوا بنشاط.
• Living a sedentary life, many office workers suffer from back pain.سبب: علشان عايشين حياة قليلة الحركة. sedentary من كلمات الوحدة.
• A study published in 2023 found a link between sleep and mood.وصف + مجهول: دراسة (اتنشرت) سنة 2023. كده قدّمنا الدليل باختصار.
• Not getting enough sleep, adolescents may find it hard to concentrate.نفي: not قبل الـ -ing. المعنى: لما المراهقين مش بياخدوا نوم كفاية…

أهم قاعدة: الفاعل لازم يكون واحد

The participial phrase must describe the subject of the main clause. If the subject is different, the sentence becomes illogical. This mistake is called a dangling participle.

دي أكتر حاجة بتيجي في الامتحان. بعد الفاصلة لازم ييجي الشخص أو الحاجة اللي عملت الفعل اللي في الـ phrase. لو جه فاعل تاني، المعنى يبقى غريب ويضحّك.

• ✗ Practising mindfulness, stress decreases.غلط: كده المعنى إن الضغط (stress) هو اللي بيمارس mindfulness! مستحيل.
• ✓ Practising mindfulness, teenagers reduce their stress.صح: المراهقين هم اللي بيمارسوا mindfulness، فهم الفاعل بعد الفاصلة.
• ✗ Walking home, the rain started.غلط: المطر مش هو اللي ماشي للبيت.
• ✓ Walking home, I got caught in the rain.صح: أنا اللي كنت ماشي.

سؤال سريع تسأله لنفسك: «مين اللي بيعمل الفعل اللي في الـ phrase؟». لو الإجابة هي نفس الكلمة اللي بعد الفاصلة، يبقى الجملة صح.

-ing ولا -ed؟

Ask: does the subject do the action, or does somebody do the action to the subject? Do → -ing. Receive the action → -ed / V3.

إزاي نستخدمها في الـ JRE

Use a participial phrase to present evidence quickly while your claim stays in the main clause.

الكتاب بيعلّمك تكتب JRE = Justify – Reasoning – Evidence. الـ participial phrase مفيدة جدًا في جملة الـ Evidence: تختصر مين عمل الدراسة وإمتى، وتسيب النتيجة واضحة. وكمان في الـ Reason: تبيّن السبب في كلمتين.

Justify: Regular exercise is essential for teenagers' well-being. Reason: Moving their bodies every day, young people release stress and sleep more deeply. Evidence: A report published by health researchers found that students taking part in daily sport reported lower anxiety, showing a clear link between activity and mood.

لاحظ: كل phrase مكتوبة bold بتضيف معلومة من غير ما تطوّل الجملة. والـ claim الأساسي (exercise is essential) واضح ولوحده.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي. هنحل مثال لكل شكل:

1) Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

a. Eating balanced meals, energy improves students.

b. Eating balanced meals, students improve their energy.

c. Students eating balanced meals, they improve their energy.

d. Eaten balanced meals, students improve their energy.

الإجابة: b. ليه؟ (a) الطاقة مش هي اللي بتاكل. (c) فيه they زيادة. (d) eaten معناها «اتأكلوا»، والطلبة هم اللي بياكلوا مش العكس.

2) Combine each pair of sentences using a participial phrase.

Nadia felt less confident. She unfollowed several accounts.

الإجابة: Feeling less confident, Nadia unfollowed several accounts. ليه؟ الفاعل واحد (Nadia = She). الحاجة اللي هي السبب (felt less confident) بقت phrase بـ -ing، والفعل اللي عملته فضل في الـ main clause.

3) Write one sentence expressing a claim about a healthy lifestyle using a participial phrase. (زي Grammar in Context D)

إجابة نموذجية: Choosing fresh food instead of processed snacks, teenagers can protect their long-term health. ليه هي كويسة؟ فيها claim واضح (can protect their health) والـ phrase بتوضح إزاي.

تدريب

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. 1. ______ regularly, people reduce the risk of heart disease. a. Exercise b. Exercised c. Exercising d. To exercising

   Show answer

   c. Exercising — الناس هم اللي بيتمرنوا (معلوم) ← -ing.

2. 2. ______ by their parents, the children started eating more vegetables. a. Encouraging b. Encouraged c. Encourage d. Having encouraging

   Show answer

   b. Encouraged — الأطفال اتشجعوا (حد شجعهم) ← V3.

3. 3. A report ______ by the Ministry of Health warns about sedentary lifestyles. a. writing b. wrote c. written d. writes

   Show answer

   c. written — التقرير اتكتب. write → wrote → written.

4. 4. ______ her homework, Laila went to the club. a. Having finished b. Finished c. Have finishing d. Being finish

   Show answer

   a. Having finished — خلصت الواجب الأول وبعدين راحت النادي.

5. 5. Students ______ more than seven hours a day on screens often feel tired. a. spent b. spending c. who spending d. they spend

   Show answer

   b. spending — = who spend. الطلبة هم اللي بيقضوا الوقت.

6. 6. ______ how to start, Ali asked a nutritionist for help. a. Knowing not b. Not knowing c. Not known d. Don't knowing

   Show answer

   b. Not knowing — not بتيجي قبل الـ -ing.

7. 7. Sleep strengthens memory, ______ students to perform better in exams. a. helped b. helps c. helping d. to helping

   Show answer

   c. helping — phrase في الآخر بتبيّن النتيجة.

8. 8. ______ with other countries, Finland has lower screen time. a. Comparing b. Compared c. Compare d. To compare

   Show answer

   b. Compared — فنلندا اتقارنت بالدول التانية ← V3.

B. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

1. 9. a. Walking to school every day, Omar feels more energetic. b. Walking to school every day, energy increases for Omar. c. Walked to school every day, Omar feels more energetic. d. Walking to school every day Omar, he feels more energetic.

   Show answer

   a — Omar هو اللي بيمشي، وجه بعد الفاصلة على طول. (b) الطاقة مش بتمشي، (c) walked غلط هنا، (d) he زيادة.

2. 10. a. Influencing by perfect photos, many teens feel anxious. b. Influenced by perfect photos, many teens feel anxious. c. Influenced by perfect photos, anxiety affects many teens. d. Influence by perfect photos, many teens feel anxious.

   Show answer

   b — المراهقين اتأثروا (V3) وهم الفاعل بعد الفاصلة. (c) الـ anxiety مش هي اللي اتأثرت بالصور.

3. 11. a. Having slept well, the exam felt easier for Mariam. b. Having sleeping well, Mariam found the exam easier. c. Having slept well, Mariam found the exam easier. d. Have slept well, Mariam found the exam easier.

   Show answer

   c — Having + V3 (slept)، والفاعل Mariam هي اللي نامت.

4. 12. a. People eating fast food daily they gain weight. b. People eating fast food daily gain weight. c. People eaten fast food daily gain weight. d. People eat fast food daily gain weight.

   Show answer

   b — phrase بعد الاسم = who eat. (a) they زيادة، (c) eaten معناها «اتأكلوا»، (d) فعلين ورا بعض من غير رابط.

C. Combine each pair of sentences using a participial phrase.

1. 13. Young people drink enough water. As a result, they concentrate better in class.

   Show answer

   Drinking enough water, young people concentrate better in class. — الفاعل واحد، والنتيجة في الـ main clause.

2. 14. Ahmed was worried about his health. He started walking every evening.

   Show answer

   Worried about his health, Ahmed started walking every evening. — شلنا He was وسيبنا الصفة/V3 worried.

3. 15. Mona finished her online course. Then she shared her certificate with her family.

   Show answer

   Having finished her online course, Mona shared her certificate with her family. — حدث خلص الأول ← Having + V3.

4. 16. The students were inspired by the talk. They joined the school sports team.

   Show answer

   Inspired by the talk, the students joined the school sports team. — هم اتلهموا (V3).

5. 17. Many young people check their phones at night. They lose hours of sleep.

   Show answer

   Checking their phones at night, many young people lose hours of sleep. أو: Many young people check their phones at night, losing hours of sleep. — الاتنين صح.

6. 18. The study was carried out in ten schools. It showed that sport reduces stress.

   Show answer

   Carried out in ten schools, the study showed that sport reduces stress. — الدراسة اتعملت ← V3 (carried out).

D. Find the mistake and correct it, then write as asked.

1. 19. Find and correct the mistake: Practising yoga every morning, my stress level became lower.

   Show answer

   الفاعل غلط: Practising yoga every morning, I lowered my stress level. — أنا اللي بمارس اليوجا، مش الـ stress level.

2. 20. Find and correct the mistake: Motivating by the results, the school opened a new gym.

   Show answer

   Motivated by the results, the school opened a new gym. — المدرسة اتحفّزت بالنتايج ← V3.

3. 21. Find and correct the mistake: A survey taking in 2024 showed that teenagers sleep less.

   Show answer

   A survey taken in 2024 showed… — الاستبيان اتعمل ← take → took → taken.

4. 22. Rewrite using a relative clause: Children eating too much sugar may have weak teeth.

   Show answer

   Children who eat too much sugar may have weak teeth. — الـ -ing بعد الاسم = who + الفعل.

5. 23. Write one sentence about mindfulness using a participial phrase at the beginning.

   Show answer

   مثال: Paying careful attention to the present moment, mindful students handle stress more calmly. — الـ phrase في الأول + فاصلة + الفاعل اللي بيعمل الفعل.

6. 24. Write a JRE Evidence sentence about sleep. Use ONE -ed participial phrase.

   Show answer

   مثال: A study conducted with 500 adolescents found that those sleeping fewer than seven hours felt more anxious. — conducted بتقول الدراسة اتعملت إزاي، والنتيجة في الـ main clause.