تانية بكالوريا · Vocabulary · Unit 8

Vocational Education and Careers

أهم كلمات Unit 8 (Pathways to Progress) عن التعليم الفني والمهارات وسوق العمل، بالمعنى الإنجليزي والعربي وأمثلة وتدريبات زي Review D.

تانية بكالوريا English

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

This page collects the key vocabulary of Unit 8: Pathways to Progress. Each word has a simple English meaning, the Arabic meaning and a short example. Then you will practise word families, collocations, prefixes and suffixes, synonyms and antonyms.

الصفحة دي فيها أهم كلمات Unit 8: Pathways to Progress، متقسمة حسب دروس الوحدة. الوحدة بتتكلم عن التعليم الفني (vocational education) وإزاي بيدّي الطالب مهارات عملية (practical skills) تساعده يلاقي شغل، وعن المهارات اللي أصحاب الشغل عايزينها (employability skills) زي التواصل والعمل في فريق، وإزاي ده بيخدم تنمية مصر الاقتصادية.

الكلمات دي متاخدة من نصوص الوحدة وجداول الـ Vocabulary وMedia Analysis: Key Concepts في الكتاب: 8.1 Vocational Education in Egypt (تسجيل عمر)، 8.2 Vocational Voices (مؤتمر الشباب: أحمد وجوليا ويوسف ونادية وديميتري)، 8.3 The Egyptian-Japanese Schools (EJS) (التوكاتسو ووقت التنضيف)، 8.4 The Skills Employers Really Want (From School to Work)، وكمان Consolidation Review D.

إزاي تذاكر الكلمات صح؟

Do not learn a word alone. Learn its meaning in context, its family (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) and the words that usually go with it (collocations).

أسئلة الكتاب والمراجعات مش بتسألك «ترجم الكلمة» وخلاص. بتحطلك الكلمة جوه جملة وتسألك معناها في السياق ده (What does … mean in this context?)، أو تطلب منك تغيّر شكل الكلمة (noun / adjective / adverb)، أو تطلع مرادف أو عكس من قطعة. علشان كده ذاكر كل كلمة بالطريقة دي:

اقرا المثال الأول وافهم الكلمة من الجملة قبل ما تبص على الترجمة.
احفظ المعنى الإنجليزي البسيط، لأن الاختيارات في الـ MCQ بتيجي تعريفات بالإنجليزي.
اعرف عيلة الكلمة: الاسم والفعل والصفة والظرف.
اعرف الكلمة بتيجي مع إيه (collocation) زي gain experience مش make experience.
اكتب جملة بنفسك عن موضوع الوحدة بكل كلمة جديدة. الكتاب بيطلب كده في Practice: Write FOUR sentences using words from the text.

كلمات 8.1: Vocational Education in Egypt

التسجيل بيحكي عن عمر اللي اختار التعليم الفني بدل الطريق الأكاديمي التقليدي، وعن خطوات الدولة لدعم التعليم الفني.

Word / phrase	Meaning / use
vocational education	التعليم الفني / المهني · training for specific jobs and careers · مثال: Vocational education prepares students for real jobs.
practical skills	مهارات عملية · abilities used directly in real tasks · مثال: Employers look for strong practical skills.
hands-on experience	خبرة عملية (بإيدك) · learning by doing, not just theory · مثال: Students gain hands-on experience in workshops.
equip (with)	يجهّز / يزوّد بـ · to give someone the tools, skills or knowledge they need · مثال: The course equips students with modern skills.
workforce	القوى العاملة · all the people available for work · مثال: A skilled workforce helps the economy grow.
economic development	التنمية الاقتصادية · growth and improvement of a country's economy · مثال: Training supports Egypt's economic development.
unemployment	البطالة · the state of not having a job · مثال: Vocational schools can reduce unemployment.
labour market	سوق العمل · the jobs available and the people looking for them · مثال: The labour market needs technicians. (الكتاب بيكتبها labor بالأمريكي)
career pathway	مسار مهني · the steps that lead to a particular career · مثال: Engineering is one possible career pathway.
theoretical	نظري · based on ideas, not practice · مثال: Academic study is more theoretical.
graduate	خريج / يتخرج · a person who has finished a course of study · مثال: Employers hire graduates with real skills.

كلمات 8.2: Vocational Voices

خمس طلاب من مصر وإيطاليا والجزائر واليونان بيتكلموا في مؤتمر أونلاين عن تخصصاتهم الفنية.

Word / phrase	Meaning / use
agricultural vocational school	مدرسة زراعية فنية · a school that trains students in farming, crops and livestock · مثال: Ahmed studies at an agricultural vocational school.
irrigation system	نظام ري · a way of bringing water to crops · مثال: Modern irrigation systems save water.
livestock	الماشية / الثروة الحيوانية · farm animals such as cows and sheep · مثال: Desert projects raise livestock.
culinary arts	فنون الطهي · professional cooking and food preparation · مثال: Giulia studies culinary arts in Rome.
cybersecurity	الأمن السيبراني · protecting computer networks and digital systems · مثال: Cybersecurity experts stop cyberattacks.
hospitality management	إدارة الفنادق والضيافة · managing services for guests in hotels and tourism · مثال: Nadia studies hospitality management.
marine engineering	الهندسة البحرية · the study of ships and their systems · مثال: Greece needs experts in marine engineering.
in demand	مطلوب جدًا · wanted or needed by many people · مثال: Skilled engineers are always in demand.
sector	قطاع · one part of a country's economy · مثال: Tourism is a key sector in Egypt.
bridge the gap	يسدّ الفجوة · to connect two things that are far apart · مثال: This programme bridges the gap between school and work.
feasibility	إمكانية التنفيذ (الجدوى) · how possible and practical a plan is · مثال: Investors asked about the plan's feasibility.

وكمان الطلبة استخدموا أمثال (proverbs) مشهورة، احفظ معناها:

Practice makes perfect.التكرار بيعلّم الشطار: كل ما تتمرن أكتر تبقى أحسن (أحمد).
It's better to be safe than sorry.الوقاية خير من العلاج: احتاط أحسن ما تندم (يوسف عن الأمن السيبراني).
Smooth seas do not make skilful sailors.البحر الهادي مبيعملش بحّار شاطر: الصعوبات هي اللي بتقوّيك (ديميتري). (الكتاب بيكتبها skillful بالأمريكي) (الكتاب بيكتبها skillful بالأمريكي)

كلمات 8.3: The Egyptian-Japanese Schools (EJS)

النص عن المدارس المصرية اليابانية وأنشطة التوكاتسو (Tokkatsu) زي وقت التنضيف (Soji) اللي بتبني الشخصية جنب المذاكرة.

Word / phrase	Meaning / use
partnership	شراكة · a relationship where people work together to achieve a goal · مثال: EJS is the result of a partnership between Egypt and Japan.
collaborate	يتعاون · to work together to achieve a goal · مثال: Students collaborate to clean the classroom.
discipline	انضباط · controlling your behaviour and working responsibly · مثال: Success needs discipline and regular practice.
appreciation	تقدير / امتنان · gratitude or thanks · مثال: Soji teaches appreciation for all kinds of work.
relatively	نسبيًا · to a certain degree, not completely · مثال: Technical knowledge can be taught relatively quickly.
character development	بناء الشخصية · growing good personal qualities · مثال: EJS focuses on character development.
core values	القيم الأساسية · the most important beliefs and qualities · مثال: Respect and teamwork are core values.
cooperate	يتعاون · to work or act together · مثال: Employers want people who can cooperate.
interconnected	مترابط · connected with each other · مثال: The world is becoming more interconnected.
lifelong	مدى الحياة · lasting for your whole life · مثال: Good habits lead to lifelong success.
acquire (knowledge)	يكتسب · to get or learn something · مثال: Education is not only about acquiring knowledge.

كلمات 8.4: The Skills Employers Really Want

التسجيل بيقول إن الشهادة لوحدها مش كفاية: أصحاب الشغل عايزين soft skills كمان.

Word / phrase	Meaning / use
employability	القابلية للتوظيف · the skills needed to get and keep a job · مثال: Communication improves your employability.
adaptable	مرن (بيتأقلم) · able to adjust to new situations · مثال: Workers should be adaptable because jobs change.
academic qualifications	مؤهلات دراسية (شهادات) · certificates or degrees from courses or exams · مثال: Academic qualifications alone are not enough.
transition from school to work	الانتقال من الدراسة للشغل · moving from education to employment · مثال: Students need support during the transition from school to work.
soft skills	المهارات الشخصية · personal skills such as communication and teamwork · مثال: Employers value soft skills as much as technical skills.
technical skills	مهارات فنية (تقنية) · skills needed to do a specific job, like using tools · مثال: Technical skills help you get the job.
problem-solving	حل المشكلات · finding answers to difficult situations · مثال: Problem-solving is useful in every career.
teamwork	العمل الجماعي · working well with others in a group · مثال: Group projects build teamwork.
leadership	القيادة · the ability to guide a group · مثال: Class meetings develop leadership.
collaborative learning	التعلم التعاوني · learning by working together on a shared task · مثال: The Repair Circle used collaborative learning.

عيلة الكلمة (Word Families)

Many questions ask for the correct form of the word in brackets. Learn the noun, verb, adjective and adverb together.

الجدول ده فيه أشهر عيلات الكلمات في الوحدة. خلي بالك من عيلة employ لأنها كبيرة ومهمة جدًا:

Verb	Noun	Adjective	Adverb	المعنى
employ	employment / unemployment / employer / employee / employability	employable / unemployed	—	يوظّف / توظيف
educate	education	educational	educationally	يعلّم / تعليم
qualify	qualification	qualified	—	يؤهَّل / مؤهل
collaborate	collaboration	collaborative	collaboratively	يتعاون / تعاون
adapt	adaptation / adaptability	adaptable	—	يتأقلم / مرونة
appreciate	appreciation	appreciative	—	يقدّر / تقدير
develop	development	developed / developing	—	ينمّي / تنمية
—	economy / economist (person)	economic	economically	اقتصاد / اقتصادي
innovate	innovation	innovative	innovatively	يبتكر / ابتكار
train	training / trainer / trainee	trained	—	يدرّب / تدريب
practise	practice	practical	practically	يتمرن / عملي
theorise	theory	theoretical	theoretically	نظرية / نظري
—	agriculture	agricultural	agriculturally	زراعة / زراعي
secure	security	secure	securely	يأمّن / أمان

employer ولا employee؟

employer (-er) = صاحب الشغل اللي بيوظّف.
employee (-ee) = الموظف اللي اتوظّف. زي trainer (المدرب) و trainee (المتدرب).
employment = التوظيف / الشغل، unemployment = البطالة، employability = قابليتك إنك تتوظف.
في الإنجليزي البريطاني: practice اسم و practise فعل.

إزاي أعرف محتاج أنهي شكل من الكلمة؟

Look at the word before and after the gap. The position tells you if you need a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb.

في سؤال Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets بص على مكان الفراغ:

قبل الفراغ / بعده	محتاج إيه؟	مثال
a / an / the / my / effective + ___	اسم (noun) وغالبًا بيكون بعد صفة	effective conservation
___ + اسم	صفة (adjective)	measurable results
فاعل + ___ (والجملة ناقصها فعل)	فعل (verb) في الزمن الصح	Volunteers conserve water.
فعل + ___ أو ___ + صفة	ظرف (adverb) وغالبًا آخره -ly	grow rapidly / highly skilled
is / are / become / feel + ___	صفة في الغالب	The plan is sustainable.
preposition (of / for / in / about) + ___	اسم أو -ing	the need for cooperation

كلمات بتيجي مع بعض (Collocations)

A collocation is a group of words that native speakers usually use together. Using them makes your writing sound natural.

الـ collocation يعني كلمتين «متجوزين»: لازم تستخدمهم مع بعض. احفظهم كده:

Collocation	المعنى	مثال
gain hands-on experience	يكتسب خبرة عملية	Students gain hands-on experience in training centres.
acquire / develop skills	يكتسب / ينمّي مهارات	Young people develop skills employers need.
equip students with	يزوّد الطلبة بـ	Schools equip students with practical skills.
meet the needs of	يلبّي احتياجات	Programmes must meet the needs of the labour market.
bridge the gap	يسدّ الفجوة	Training bridges the gap between school and work.
enter the labour market	يدخل سوق العمل	Graduates enter the labour market with confidence.
skilled workforce	قوى عاملة ماهرة	Egypt needs a skilled workforce.
in high demand	مطلوب جدًا	Technicians are in high demand.
reduce unemployment	يقلّل البطالة	Vocational education helps reduce unemployment.
economic growth	نمو اقتصادي	Skills lead to economic growth.
take responsibility for	يتحمّل مسؤولية	Workers must take responsibility for their actions.
work as a team	يشتغلوا كفريق	Students learn to work as a team during Soji.
job opportunities	فرص عمل	Tourism creates many job opportunities.

البادئات واللواحق (Prefixes & Suffixes)

A prefix comes at the start of a word and often changes its meaning. A suffix comes at the end and often changes the word class (noun, adjective…).

الـ prefix في أول الكلمة، والـ suffix في آخرها. الوحدة دي مليانة لواحق بتعمل أسماء أشخاص وصفات:

الجزء	معناه	أمثلة من الوحدة
un- (prefix)	مش / عكس	unemployment, unskilled, unemployed
in- / im- (prefix)	مش	inexperienced, impractical, impossible
inter- (prefix)	بين / مع بعض	interconnected, international, interact
-er / -or (suffix)	الشخص اللي بيعمل	employer, trainer, investor, mentor
-ee (suffix)	الشخص اللي بيتعمل له	employee, trainee
-ability / -ibility (suffix)	اسم: قدرة	employability, adaptability, responsibility
-al (suffix)	صفة	vocational, agricultural, practical, technical
-ive (suffix)	صفة	innovative, collaborative, effective
-ship (suffix)	اسم: علاقة أو وضع	partnership, leadership, apprenticeship
-ment / -tion (suffix)	اسم	employment, development, qualification, education

المرادفات والأضداد (Synonyms & Antonyms)

Learn these pairs. Reviews ask for synonyms and antonyms in context.

Word	Synonym (نفس المعنى)	Antonym (العكس)	المعنى
practical	hands-on / applied	theoretical	عملي
skilled	qualified / trained	unskilled	ماهر
collaborate	cooperate / work together	compete / work alone	يتعاون
adaptable	flexible	rigid / inflexible	مرن
relatively	fairly / quite	completely / totally	نسبيًا
appreciation	gratitude / thanks	ingratitude	تقدير
employment	work / a job	unemployment	شغل
essential	vital / necessary	unnecessary	أساسي
expand	increase / grow	reduce / shrink	يتوسع
in demand	needed / wanted	unwanted	مطلوب
modern	up-to-date	traditional / old-fashioned	حديث
rapidly	quickly	slowly / gradually	بسرعة
challenging	difficult / demanding	easy	صعب

فقرة بالكلمات الجديدة

اقرا الفقرة دي وركّز على الكلمات اللي بالـ bold. كلها من الوحدة:

When Hana finished preparatory school, she chose vocational education instead of the traditional academic route. At her technical school in Alexandria, she studies marine engineering, and she spends three days a week in a shipyard, where she gains hands-on experience. Her teachers say that practical skills are essential because skilled technicians are in high demand in the labour market.

Hana has also learned that technical skills are not enough. Her school has a partnership with a local company, and the employers there value soft skills such as teamwork, discipline and problem-solving. They want workers who are adaptable and can collaborate with others. Hana believes that this training will equip her with strong employability skills and make her transition from school to work much easier.

لاحظ: الفقرة فيها collocations زي gains hands-on experience وin high demand وequip her with، وفيها employer (الشخص) جنب employability (الاسم).

أشهر الأخطاء (غلط ← صح)

✗ The employee hired ten workers. ← ✓ The employer hired ten workers. (اللي بيوظّف = employer)
✗ Communication improves your employment skills. ← ✓ Communication improves your employability.
✗ The course equips students to skills. ← ✓ The course equips students with skills.
✗ economical development ← ✓ economic development (economical = موفّر / مش بيصرف كتير)
✗ She has practice skills. ← ✓ She has practical skills. (قبل الاسم = صفة)
✗ make experience ← ✓ gain experience

حيلة سريعة للحفظ وللامتحان

اربط كل تخصص بالبلد: agriculture = أحمد (مصر)، culinary arts = جوليا (إيطاليا)، cybersecurity = يوسف (الجزائر)، hospitality = نادية (مصر)، marine engineering = ديميتري (اليونان).
hard / technical skills = حاجات بتتعلمها بسرعة (تستخدم عدة). soft skills = صفات بتاخد سنين (انضباط، تعاون، تواصل).
في سؤال Complete the summary using words from the box اقرا الجملة كلها الأول، وبعدين حدّد نوع الكلمة الناقصة (اسم ولا فعل ولا صفة) قبل ما تختار.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي. هنحل مثال لكل شكل:

1) Choose the correct answer: What does the word mean in this context?

Laila takes a workshop on teamwork and learns to work with new people. These skills will make her more employable and improve her employability. What does "employability" mean in this context?

a. leaving school early b. the money earned in one job c. the ability to get and keep a suitable job d. the study of technical subjects

الإجابة: c. الجملة بتقول إنه بيتعلم مهارات بتساعده في الشغل، يعني قدرته إنه يتوظف ويفضل في الشغل.

2) Complete the summary using words from the box.

Box: workforce – equips – hands-on experience

Vocational education ________ students with the skills they need. A skilled ________ is essential for the economy.

الإجابة: equips / workforce. بعد Vocational education (فاعل مفرد) محتاجين فعل بـ s، وبعد skilled محتاجين اسم.

3) Complete the sentence using the correct form of the word in brackets.

The project succeeded because of effective ________ (collaborate) among the students.

الإجابة: collaboration. بعد الصفة effective محتاجين اسم.

تدريب

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. All the people available for work in a country are called the ________. a. workforce b. workshop c. partnership d. sector
Show answer
a. workforce — القوى العاملة.
2. To be able to adjust successfully to new situations means you are ________. a. economic b. adaptable c. ambitious d. theoretical
Show answer
b. adaptable
3. Protecting computer networks from attacks is the main purpose of ________. a. culinary arts b. hospitality c. cybersecurity d. marine engineering
Show answer
c. cybersecurity
4. The vocational course was relatively short, but useful. "Relatively" means ________. a. completely b. to a certain degree c. never d. surprisingly
Show answer
b. to a certain degree — نسبيًا، مش بشكل كامل.
5. Students who work together to complete a shared project take part in ________ learning. a. individual b. unpaid c. collaborative d. temporary
Show answer
c. collaborative — تعلم تعاوني (سؤال زي Review D).
6. Through Soji, students show their ________ for the people who clean and maintain schools. a. appreciation b. unemployment c. feasibility d. livestock
Show answer
a. appreciation — تقدير وامتنان.
7. Vocational education focuses on practical training. The opposite of "practical" is ________. a. hands-on b. technical c. theoretical d. useful
Show answer
c. theoretical — عكس العملي = النظري.

B. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets.

8. Communication and adaptability can increase a graduate's ________ (employ).
Show answer
employability — قدرة الخريج إنه يتوظف (سؤال زي Review D).
9. Many young people suffer from ________ (employ) because they lack practical skills.
Show answer
unemployment — المعنى سلبي (بيعانوا) يبقى البطالة.
10. Egypt is undertaking large ________ (agriculture) projects in desert areas.
Show answer
agricultural — قبل الاسم projects صفة.
11. Investing in industry supports the country's ________ (economy) development.
Show answer
economic — صفة قبل development (مش economical).
12. Employers prefer workers with good ________ (qualify).
Show answer
qualifications — بعد صفة good اسم جمع.
13. The new programme is very ________ (innovate); it uses virtual reality in training.
Show answer
innovative — بعد very صفة.

C. Find words in the text that are synonyms or antonyms of the words below.

In the past, many young people thought that technical jobs were unwanted. Today, the situation is changing quickly. Skilled technicians are needed everywhere, and training centres are growing in number. Students learn to cooperate with others and to be flexible when tasks change. However, training is not always easy: it can be demanding.

14. An antonym of "in demand"
Show answer
unwanted
15. A synonym of "rapidly"
Show answer
quickly
16. A synonym of "collaborate"
Show answer
cooperate
17. A synonym of "adaptable"
Show answer
flexible
18. A synonym of "challenging"
Show answer
demanding — وعكسها easy اللي اتذكرت في نفس الجملة.

D. Complete the sentences using words from the box.

hands-on experience – partnership – discipline – transition from school to work – equips – soft skills

19. Students gain valuable ________ when they practise tasks in workshops.
Show answer
hands-on experience
20. Vocational schools formed a ________ with local companies to train students.
Show answer
partnership
21. Success in vocational education requires ________, regular practice and persistence.
Show answer
discipline
22. Students need support during their ________.
Show answer
transition from school to work
23. The training centre ________ young people with the skills they need.
Show answer
equips — فعل مفرد بعد The training centre، و equip ... with.
24. Communication and teamwork are examples of ________.
Show answer
soft skills

ملخص الدرس في سطرين

كلمات الوحدة بتدور حول: التعليم الفني (vocational education, hands-on experience, practical skills)، التخصصات (agricultural, culinary arts, cybersecurity, hospitality, marine engineering)، التوكاتسو (partnership, discipline, collaborate, appreciation) ومهارات الشغل (employability, adaptable, soft skills).
عيلة employ: employer (اللي بيوظّف) / employee (الموظف) / employment / unemployment / employability.
economic development مش economical. و practical ↔ theoretical.
Collocations: gain experience، equip someone with، bridge the gap، in high demand.

كل دروس المنهج

Grammar · القواعد

Vocabulary & Language · الكلمات واللغة

Reading · القراية

Listening · الاستماع

Speaking · الكلام

Writing · الكتابة

Literature · الأدب والقصة