تانية بكالوريا · Language · Unit 3 · Unit 6 · Unit 9
Tone, Evaluative Language and Selective Framing
إزاي تعرف نبرة الكاتب من كلماته، وتكتشف الكلمات اللي فيها حكم، وتلاحظ لما الكاتب يوريك جزء من الصورة ويخبّي الباقي.
الدرس ده عن إيه؟
Tone is the writer's attitude towards the topic. Evaluative language is the words that show the writer's judgement. Selective framing means choosing which details to include or leave out to shape what the audience thinks.
الدرس ده عن إحساس الكاتب اللي مستخبي ورا الكلام. نفس الخبر ممكن يتكتب بطريقة فرحانة، أو غضبانة، أو محايدة. هنتعلم 3 حاجات: tone (نبرة الكاتب)، evaluative language (كلمات فيها حكم)، وselective framing (الكاتب بيختار يوريك إيه ويخبّي إيه).
في الكتاب المهارة دي متكررة: في Unit 3: Echoes of the Past الهدف «identify tone, evaluative language, and selective framing in media texts» ومعاه بوستات عن المتاحف (صفحة 94-95)، وفي Unit 6: The Space We Share وUnit 7 «identify tone and evaluative language in profiles and media texts»، وفي Unit 9: Circles of Belonging وUnit 10 بترجع تاني مع بوستات السوشيال ميديا. والكتاب عرّف evaluative adjective في Unit 1 (صفحة 18): «an adjective that expresses a judgment or opinion (e.g. amazing, toxic, unrealistic)».
أولًا: يعني إيه Tone؟
Tone is how the writer sounds: happy, angry, worried, respectful, neutral… We find it from the writer's word choice, not from one word only.
الـ tone زي نبرة الصوت. لو صاحبك قالك «برافو عليك» بابتسامة يبقى بيشكرك، ولو قالها بسخرية يبقى بيتريق عليك. نفس الكلمات، نبرة مختلفة. في الكتابة مفيش صوت، فإحنا بنعرف النبرة من الكلمات اللي الكاتب اختارها.
| Tone word | المعنى | إشارات في النص |
|---|---|---|
| positive / enthusiastic | إيجابي / متحمس | amazing, remarkable, inspiring, ! |
| critical / negative | ناقد / سلبي | fails, careless, disappointing, sadly |
| neutral / objective | محايد / موضوعي | أرقام، مصادر، may / some، مفيش صفات عاطفية |
| alarmed / urgent | قلقان جدًا / مستعجل | crisis, collapsing, NOW, before it's too late |
| respectful / admiring | محترم / معجب | dedicated, generous, a true pioneer |
| sympathetic | متعاطف | struggling, lonely, deserves support |
| nostalgic | حنين للماضي | used to, those days, I still remember |
| sarcastic | ساخر | Oh great, another 'eco-friendly' collection… |
| hopeful / optimistic | متفائل | a step forward, could change, a brighter future |
| balanced | متوازن | However, on the other hand, admittedly |
- 1. لِم الكلمات القوية في النص (الصفات، الأفعال، الظروف): amazing؟ destroying؟ sadly؟
- 2. اسأل: الكلمات دي إيجابية ولا سلبية ولا محايدة؟ وفيها مشاعر قد إيه؟
- 3. اختار كلمة tone دقيقة وادعمها بدليل: The tone is critical, as shown by words such as "careless" and "disappointing".
تانيًا: Evaluative language (لغة فيها حكم)
Evaluative language gives an opinion, not just information. It can be an adjective, an adverb, a noun or a verb.
الكلمة الـ evaluative هي كلمة فيها «رأي». لو قلت «المتحف كبير» ده وصف ممكن تقيسه. لكن لو قلت «المتحف رائع» ده حكم شخصي. خلي بالك إن الحكم مش في الصفات بس:
| Type | Positive (+) | Negative (−) | ملاحظة |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjectives | amazing, remarkable, inspiring, brilliant | toxic, unrealistic, careless, shameful | أشهر نوع، والكتاب سماه evaluative adjective |
| Adverbs | fortunately, wisely, generously | sadly, shockingly, unfortunately | بتبيّن إحساس الكاتب تجاه الجملة كلها |
| Nouns | a triumph, a masterpiece, a hero | a disaster, a scandal, a failure | الاسم نفسه فيه حكم |
| Verbs | protects, saves, celebrates | destroys, steals, ignores, boasts | الفعل بيبيّن مين الكويس ومين الوحش |
الـ connotation: نفس المعنى… إحساس مختلف
Words can have the same basic meaning but different connotations (positive, neutral or negative feelings). Writers choose the word that matches their attitude.
دي أهم نقطة في الدرس. الكاتب ممكن يوصف نفس الحاجة بـ 3 كلمات: واحدة حلوة، وواحدة عادية، وواحدة وحشة. والكلمة اللي اختارها بتفضحه:
| Positive (+) | Neutral (=) | Negative (−) | الفكرة |
|---|---|---|---|
| affordable | low-cost | cheap | سعره قليل |
| historic / ancient | old | outdated | قديم |
| determined | firm | stubborn | مش بيغيّر رأيه |
| a crowd of fans | a group of people | a mob | ناس كتير |
| confident | sure of himself | arrogant | واثق في نفسه |
| preserved / protected | kept | taken / seized | المتحف معاه القطعة |
| curious | interested | nosy | عايز يعرف |
| economical | careful with money | stingy | مش بيصرف كتير |
- The British Museum preserves artefacts for all humanity.preserves = حكم إيجابي: المتحف بيحمي القطع. ده رأي اللي مع المتاحف.
- The British Museum holds artefacts that were taken from their countries.taken = حكم سلبي: القطع اتاخدت. ده رأي اللي عايزين القطع ترجع. (الرأيين في الكتاب صفحة 95)
تالتًا: Selective framing (الكاتب بيختار الصورة)
Selective framing = choosing which details to include or exclude to shape the audience's understanding. The facts may be true, but the picture is not complete.
تخيل إنك صورت أوضتك. لو صورت الركن النضيف بس هيبان إن الأوضة كلها مترتبة، رغم إن الصورة نفسها حقيقية! ده الـ framing: الكاتب مش بيكذب بالضرورة، بس بيختار البرواز (frame): يوريك إيه، يخبّي إيه، ويبدأ بإيه.
الكتاب في Unit 3 بيسأل عن المتحف: «But who wrote that story? And who is left out?» يعني: مين اللي حكى الحكاية؟ ومين اللي اتشال منها؟ ده السؤال الذهبي للـ selective framing.
| Framing technique | يعني إيه؟ | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Including / excluding details | يذكر المميزات ويسكت عن العيوب (أو العكس) | A fashion post shows a recycled bag but says nothing about the 500 new items a week. |
| Order / emphasis | اللي بيتحط في الأول أو في العنوان بيبان أهم | Headline: "Village Loses Farmland" vs "Village Gains Wildlife Corridor" |
| Positive vs negative numbers | نفس الرقم بطريقتين | "60% of students passed" vs "40% of students failed" |
| Choice of voices | بيجيب كلام ناس من ناحية واحدة بس | Only interviewing developers, not the fishing community. |
| Selective images | جزء من الصورة بس | A cropped photo that hides the rubbish next to the "clean" beach. |
| Word choice (connotation) | كلمة حلوة أو وحشة لنفس الحاجة | "protected wetland" vs "wasted land" |
- Headline A: Wetland Project Saves Rare BirdsFraming إيجابي: الفوكس على الطيور والإنقاذ.
- Headline B: Wetland Project Takes Land from Local FarmersFraming سلبي: الفوكس على الخسارة. ونفس المشروع!
- Headline C: Wetland Project: Birds Protected, but Farmers Ask for CompensationFraming متوازن: الناحيتين في العنوان. ده الأقرب للـ neutral.
- What is included? الكاتب ذكر إيه؟
- What is left out? فيه معلومة مهمة مش موجودة؟ (أرقام، الناحية التانية، المصدر)
- Who is speaking? Who is silent? مين اتكلم ومين اتهمّش؟
- Who benefits? مين المستفيد لو صدقت الصورة دي؟ (الكتاب سأل: Who benefits from current museum displays and who might lose out?)
أمثلة من مواضيع الكتاب
- The Grand Egyptian Museum is a breathtaking achievement.breathtaking = evaluative adjective إيجابي. Tone: admiring / enthusiastic.
- Sadly, many ancient sites are still neglected.sadly = evaluative adverb، neglected = فعل سلبي. Tone: critical / regretful.
- The river project ignores the needs of fishing families.ignores = evaluative verb سلبي. Tone: critical.
- The new dam will provide electricity to 2 million homes.مفيش حكم، رقم وحقيقة. Tone: neutral / objective (بس ممكن يكون selective لو مقالش العيوب).
- Mariam is a dedicated young designer whose hobby grew into a remarkable business.profile إيجابي (Unit 7): dedicated + remarkable. Tone: admiring.
- Another 'overnight success' story. Because hard work clearly doesn't exist any more.Tone: sarcastic — الكاتب بيقول عكس اللي يقصده. والعلامات ' ' معناها إن الكلمة مش بمعناها الحقيقي.
- The Buddy Bench is a simple but powerful idea.Tone: positive / hopeful (Unit 9).
- Admittedly, one bench cannot end loneliness in a whole school.Tone: balanced — الكاتب بيعترف بحدود الفكرة. (الكتاب في مقال الـ Buddy Bench في Unit 9 بيستخدم Admittedly بنفس الطريقة)
- This shameful waste of water must stop immediately!shameful + immediately + ! = Tone: angry / urgent.
- Some residents welcome the corridor, while others worry about their crops.الناحيتين + مفيش صفات قوية = Tone: balanced / neutral.
- ✗ The tone is good. ← ✓ The tone is positive / admiring / enthusiastic. (استخدم كلمة tone دقيقة)
- ✗ تقول الـ tone من غير دليل. ← ✓ The tone is critical, as shown by "careless" and "ignores".
- ✗ كل جملة فيها رقم تبقى neutral. ← ✓ الأرقام ممكن تبقى selective: اسأل إيه اللي اتساب برا.
- ✗ Selective framing = lying. ← ✓ مش شرط كذب. الحقائق ممكن تكون صح بس الصورة ناقصة.
- ✗ big / old / long = evaluative. ← ✓ دي صفات وصفية ممكن تتقاس. الـ evaluative فيها حكم: magnificent / outdated / endless.
- سؤال tone: كلمة tone + دليلين من النص: The tone is ___, as shown by "___" and "___".
- سؤال evaluative language: اطلع الكلمة + قول هي إيجابية ولا سلبية + بتبيّن إيه عن رأي الكاتب.
- سؤال selective framing: قول إيه اللي اتذكر وإيه اللي اتساب وتأثير ده على القارئ.
- استخدم الـ JRE: claim (the post is selective) + reason + evidence من النص.
إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟
الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالشكل ده. اقرا البوست الخيالي ده (زي بوستات Unit 3):
@HeritageVoices — "Our town's old market has finally been replaced by a stunning, modern shopping centre! The new building offers 120 shops, air-conditioning and free parking. Visitors describe it as 'the best thing that has happened to the town in years'. Progress has arrived at last!"
1. What is the tone of the post? Support your answer with two examples.
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The tone is enthusiastic / positive, as shown by "stunning" and "Progress has arrived at last!". — كلمة tone + دليلين.2. Find TWO evaluative words and explain what they show about the writer's attitude.
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"stunning" and "finally" — they show the writer strongly approves of the new centre and was waiting for the old market to go. (finally = كان مستني بفارغ الصبر)3. How does the post use selective framing? What information is left out?
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It only includes the benefits (120 shops, parking, a positive quote). It leaves out what was lost: the old traders, the history of the market and the opinions of people who disagree. So readers get a one-sided picture. — مذكور / متساب / التأثير.
لاحظ كمان: الكاتب وصف السوق بكلمة «old» والمول بكلمة «modern». الكلمتين شكلهم وصف، بس مع «finally» و«Progress» بقوا framing: القديم = حاجة لازم تمشي، والجديد = تقدّم.
تدريب
A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. Tone means a. the length of a text b. the writer's attitude towards the topic c. the number of facts d. the title of a text
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b — نبرة/موقف الكاتب.2. Which word is an evaluative adjective? a. wooden b. three-storey c. magnificent d. Egyptian
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c. magnificent — فيها حكم. الباقي وصف ممكن تتأكد منه.3. "Choosing which details to include or exclude to shape the audience's understanding" is called a. citizen journalism b. selective framing c. a hashtag d. a digital archive
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b. selective framing — تعريف الكتاب (Unit 3).4. "Sadly, the river is now full of plastic." The word "sadly" shows that the writer feels a. excited b. regretful c. neutral d. sarcastic
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b. regretful — sadly = evaluative adverb سلبي.5. Which word has the most NEGATIVE connotation? a. thrifty b. economical c. careful with money d. stingy
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d. stingy = بخيل. الباقي إيجابي أو محايد.6. Which headline is the most balanced? a. Greedy Builders Destroy Our Wetland b. Wetland Housing Plan Divides Local Community c. Heroic Developers Bring Homes to Families d. Save Our Birds NOW!
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b — divides = بيعرض إن فيه رأيين. (a) و (c) فيهم evaluative قوي، (d) urgency.7. A profile describes a volunteer as "tireless, generous and inspiring". The tone is a. critical b. admiring c. sarcastic d. alarmed
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b. admiring — 3 صفات إيجابية.8. "A fashion brand advertises one recycled T-shirt but does not mention its 500 new designs a week." This is an example of a. neutral language b. hedging c. selective framing d. a rhetorical question
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c. selective framing — ذكر حاجة وخبّى الباقي.
B. Positive, neutral or negative? Write (+), (=) or (−) and explain.
9. The museum is outdated.
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(−) — outdated = عفى عليه الزمن (حكم سلبي)، عكس historic (+) و old (=).10. The campaign was a triumph.
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(+) — triumph = انتصار، اسم فيه حكم إيجابي.11. The council ignored the residents' complaints.
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(−) — ignored = فعل بيبيّن إن المجلس غلطان.12. The festival lasted three days.
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(=) — معلومة ممكن تتأكد منها، مفيهاش حكم.13. The owner is stubborn about the old building.
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(−) — stubborn = عنيد. لو الكاتب معجب بيه كان قال determined.
C. Rewrite each sentence twice: once with a positive frame and once with a negative frame.
14. 70% of the visitors were satisfied with the new museum.
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(+) Seven out of ten visitors were pleased with the new museum. / (−) Three out of ten visitors were not satisfied with the new museum. — نفس الرقم، صورتين مختلفتين.15. The town removed the old trees to build a car park.
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(+) The town created much-needed parking space in the centre. / (−) The town cut down its old trees for a car park. — اختيار الكلمات والفوكس.16. Students spend one hour a day on a school farming project.
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(+) Students gain a valuable hour of hands-on learning every day. / (−) Students lose an hour of classroom study every day.
D. Read the profile, then answer.
Meet Karim, the teenager who turned a forgotten corner of his school into a thriving garden. Every morning, this determined young volunteer waters the plants before classes begin. Teachers call him "a true example", and the garden now supplies fresh herbs to the school kitchen. Karim's story proves that one passionate person can transform a whole community.
17. What is the tone of the profile? Give two pieces of evidence.
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The tone is admiring / positive, as shown by "thriving" and "determined young volunteer" (أو "a true example").18. Find one evaluative adjective, one evaluative noun phrase and one evaluative verb.
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Adjective: thriving / determined / passionate — Noun phrase: "a true example" — Verb: transform (أو proves). — كلهم إيجابيين.19. The profile says "a forgotten corner". What does the word "forgotten" add?
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It frames the place as neglected before Karim, so his work looks even more impressive. — مقارنة قبل/بعد.20. What information is left out? Why might this matter?
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It does not mention other people who helped (classmates, teachers), any difficulties, or how long it took. This matters because it makes the success look like one person's effort, which may not be the full picture.21. Is the last sentence a fact or an opinion? Explain.
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Opinion — "proves" and "one passionate person can transform a whole community" is a generalisation from one story. One example does not prove a rule. (ممكن كمان تقول absolute claim)22. Rewrite the last sentence in a neutral tone.
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Karim's story suggests that one committed person may be able to make a positive difference to their school. — suggests + may + school بدل whole community.
- Tone = موقف الكاتب (admiring, critical, neutral, alarmed, sarcastic…). اعرفه من اختيار الكلمات، واكتبه بكلمة دقيقة + دليل.
- Evaluative language = كلمات فيها حكم: صفات (amazing, toxic)، ظروف (sadly)، أسماء (a disaster)، أفعال (ignores).
- Connotation: نفس المعنى بإحساس مختلف (affordable / low-cost / cheap).
- Selective framing = اختيار التفاصيل اللي تتذكر أو تتشال علشان تشكّل رأي القارئ. اسأل: What is left out? Who benefits?
كل دروس المنهج
Grammar · القواعد
- Participial Phrases (-ing / -ed)
- Relative Clauses (who, which, that)
- Conditionals (If… will / would / would have) + hedging
- Gerunds and Infinitives
- Narrative Tenses
- Prepositional Phrases of Place and Time
- Concession Clauses
- The Passive Voice for Formal Reporting
- The Present Perfect (since, for, just, already, yet, ever, never)
- Fronting for Emphasis
- Cause-and-Effect Structures
- Modal Verbs (could, should, may, must)
- Adverbials of Degree and Frequency
- Reported Speech
- Used to / Would (Past Habits)
- The Present Continuous
- Linking Words and Logical Connectors
- The Causative: have / get something done
- So… that / Such… that
- Stative Verbs vs Action Verbs
- Quantifiers (too much / too many, a large amount of, few / little)
Vocabulary & Language · الكلمات واللغة
- Well-being and Mental Health
- Leisure, Screen Time, Arts and Sport
- History, Heritage and Museums
- Brands, Food Waste and Sales Culture
- Climate Change and Renewable Energy
- Global Responsibility and Advocacy
- Passion, Hobbies and Community
- Vocational Education and Careers
- Belonging and Inclusion
- Hidden Costs and Fast Fashion
- Persuasive and Biased Language: intensifiers, rhetorical questions, absolute language
- Hedging and Neutral Language
- Tone, Evaluative Language and Selective Framing
- Concession Language
- Media Literacy: fact, opinion, bias and greenwashing
Reading · القراية
- Reading for Gist and Key Detail
- True / False / Not Given with justification
- Fact, Opinion and Biased Claims
- Identifying Bias in Media Texts
- Rhetorical Devices and Their Effects
- The Writer's Viewpoint and Tone
- Main Argument and Supporting Points
- Cause and Effect in Informational Texts
- Text Types: reports, articles, opinion articles, narratives and profiles
- Vocabulary in Context
- Evaluating the Reliability of Online Content
Listening · الاستماع
- Broadcasts, Podcasts, Radio Programmes and Media Reports
- Listening for Main Ideas and Specific Information
- Stated vs Unstated Information
- The Speaker's Perspective
- Technical Terms in Context
Speaking · الكلام
- Giving and Justifying an Opinion (JRE)
- Acknowledging an Opposing Viewpoint
- Structured Presentations (3–5 minutes)
- Pair and Group Discussions
- Debates
- Role-plays and Pitches
- Reporting Other People's Views
Writing · الكتابة
- The JRE Analytical Paragraph
- Reflective Writing
- Opinion Paragraph
- Diary Entry
- Discursive Paragraph
- Opinion Article
- Review
- Argumentative Paragraph
- Informational Leaflet
- Formal Email
- Persuasive Email
- Proposal
- Discursive Essay
- Blog Post
- Recommendation Report
- Personal Development Plan
- Personal Narrative
- Problem-Solution Paragraph
Literature · الأدب والقصة
- The Lost World — the set novel
- The Lost World · Chapter 1: A Dream of Adventure
- The Lost World · Chapter 2: Professor Challenger's Secret
- The Lost World · Chapter 3: The Expedition Is Chosen
- The Lost World · Chapter 4: Into the Unknown
- The Lost World · Chapter 5: Trapped in the Lost World
- The Lost World · Chapter 6: Malone's Night Adventure
- The Lost World · Chapter 7: Prisoners of the Ape-Men
- The Lost World · Chapter 8: The Battle for the Plateau
- The Lost World · Chapter 9: The Hidden Way Home
- The Lost World · Chapter 10: Proof Before the World
- Literary Extract: “Not Exactly a Relaxing Day”
- Narrative Techniques: simile, contrast and personal voice
- Mood, Tone and the Narrator's Shifting Feelings
- Characters, Themes and Key Events