تانية بكالوريا · Vocabulary · Unit 3
History, Heritage and Museums
أهم كلمات Unit 3 (Echoes of the Past): معبد الكرنك، المتحف المصري الكبير، التاريخ اللي بينتشر على السوشيال ميديا، وتوثيق الاكتشافات — بالمعنى والعيلة والأضداد وتدريب زي Consolidation Review B.
الدرس ده عن إيه؟
This page collects the key vocabulary of Unit 3: Echoes of the Past: sites of memory such as Karnak, the Grand Egyptian Museum, viral history and how social media documents historical events.
الوحدة دي عن التاريخ والتراث: إزاي الأماكن الأثرية بتحفظ ذاكرة الشعب، وإزاي المتحف «بيحكي حكاية»، وليه البوستات التاريخية اللي بتنتشر بسرعة مش دايمًا صح.
الكلمات هنا جاية من نصوص الوحدة ومربعات الـ Vocabulary الأربعة بتاعتها. ومعاها عيلة الكلمة والمرادفات والأضداد، لأن Consolidation Review B بتسأل فيهم كتير (زي preservation و accuracy و accessible).
في الكتاب: Book 1 · Unit 3 (صفحة 74-101). الدروس: 3.1 Sites of Memory (Vocabulary صفحة 79)، 3.2 The Museum as a Storyteller (Vocabulary صفحة 85)، 3.3 The Viral Past (Vocabulary صفحة 91)، و3.4 Social Media and Historical Events (Key Concepts صفحة 95 و Vocabulary صفحة 97). خلي بالك: الكتاب بيكتب artifact (الهجاء الأمريكي)، والهجاء البريطاني artefact، والاتنين صح.
إزاي تذاكر الكلمات دي؟
Do not just memorise a list. Learn each word with its meaning, its form (noun, verb, adjective, adverb), the words that go with it, and its opposite.
- اقرا الكلمة والمعنى بالإنجليزي البسيط الأول، وبعدين المعنى بالعربي. الامتحان بيسألك بالإنجليزي، فلازم تفهم الشرح الإنجليزي.
- بص على المثال وحاول تقول جملة شبهه من دماغك عن حياتك.
- اعرف الكلمة دي اسم ولا فعل ولا صفة. ده بالظبط اللي بيتسأل فيه في «Complete with the correct form».
- احفظ مع كل كلمة عكسها ومرادفها. المراجعات في الكتاب بتسأل «antonymous meaning» و«could meaningfully replace».
- ارجع للكلمات بعد يوم، وبعد 3 أيام، وبعد أسبوع. التكرار ده أحسن من إنك تقعد ساعتين مرة واحدة.
Lesson 3.1 — Sites of Memory
الدرس ده عن معبد الكرنك في الأقصر وإزاي الأماكن الأثرية بتحفظ الهوية والتراث.
| Word | Simple English meaning | المعنى بالعربي | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| site of memory (n.) | a place that people connect with important events and shared memories | مكان ليه ذاكرة (مكان بيفكّرنا بالتاريخ) | Karnak is a site of memory for all Egyptians. |
| monument (n.) | a large old building or statue that is important in history | أثر / نُصب تذكاري | Ancient monuments reflect past achievements. |
| heritage (n.) | the history, traditions and buildings passed down from the past | تراث | We must protect our national heritage. |
| preserve (v.) | to protect something from damage or loss | يحافظ على / يصون | Museums preserve history for future generations. |
| identity (n.) | who a person or a nation is | هوية | Historical sites shape our national identity. |
| civilisation (n.) | a developed society with its own culture and way of life | حضارة | Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations. |
| massive (adj.) | extremely large | ضخم جدًا | The Hypostyle Hall has 134 massive columns. |
| accumulated (adj.) | built up or collected over time | متراكم | Karnak is a landscape of accumulated memory. |
| representative (n.) | a person who speaks or acts for others | ممثل / مندوب | The pharaoh was seen as the gods' representative on earth. |
| inscribed (adj.) | written or carved into a surface | منقوش / محفور | Names are inscribed on the temple walls. |
| encoded (adj.) | changed into signs or symbols to carry meaning | متحوّل لرموز ليها معنى / متشفّر / متشفّر | Beliefs were encoded in the carvings. |
| devotion (n.) | strong love and care for someone or something | إخلاص / تفاني | The temple shows the people's devotion to their gods. |
| ram-headed sphinx (n.) | an ancient Egyptian statue with a lion's body and a ram's head | تمثال أبو الهول برأس كبش | An avenue of ram-headed sphinxes leads to Karnak. |
Lesson 3.2 — The Museum as a Storyteller
الدرس ده عن المتحف المصري الكبير (GEM) اللي اتفتح للجمهور في 4 نوفمبر 2025، وإزاي المتحف بيختار هيحكي إيه.
| Word | Simple English meaning | المعنى بالعربي | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| artifact / artefact (n.) | an object made or used by people in the past | قطعة أثرية | The GEM houses over 100,000 artifacts. |
| curator (n.) | a person who looks after and organises a museum's collection | أمين متحف | Curators decide which objects to display. |
| curation (n.) | choosing and arranging objects to tell a story | اختيار القطع وترتيبها | Curation creates a narrative. |
| dynasty (n.) pl. dynasties | a series of rulers from the same family | أسرة حاكمة | The journey moves through the great dynasties. |
| conservation (n.) | protecting cultural or natural things from damage | صيانة / حفظ | Conservation labs restore damaged objects. |
| accessible (adj.) | easy for everyone to reach, use or understand | سهل الوصول له / متاح للكل | Guided tours make the museum accessible. |
| chronological (adj.) | arranged in the order in which events happened | مرتب حسب الزمن | The statues are in chronological order. |
| multilingual (adj.) | using or speaking several languages | بأكتر من لغة | The GEM has multilingual labels. |
| colossal (adj.) | extremely large | عملاق | The staircase has 87 colossal statues. |
| breathtaking (adj.) | extremely beautiful or surprising | يخطف الأنفاس | Visitors get a breathtaking introduction to history. |
| restore (v.) | to repair something so it looks as it did before | يرمّم | Experts restore artifacts using new technology. |
| exhibition (n.) | a public show of objects or art | معرض | The new exhibition opens next month. |
| narrative (n.) | a story or an account of events | حكاية / سرد | Every museum tells a narrative about the past. |
Lesson 3.3 — The Viral Past
الدرس ده عن البوستات التاريخية اللي بتنتشر بسرعة (go viral) وليه الانتشار مش معناه إن المعلومة صح.
| Word | Simple English meaning | المعنى بالعربي | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| go viral (phr. v.) | to spread very fast and widely online | ينتشر بسرعة على النت | A fake photo of Alexandria went viral. |
| media literacy (n.) | the ability to read and judge media content critically | الوعي الإعلامي | Media literacy protects us from myths. |
| claim (n./v.) | a statement that something is true | ادعاء / يدّعي | The post makes a false claim about the pyramids. |
| verify (v.) | to check that something is true or correct | يتأكد من / يتحقق | Always verify a post before sharing it. |
| accuracy (n.) | being correct and free from mistakes | دقة | Speed has no relationship to accuracy. |
| significant (adj.) | important or noticeable | مهم / ملحوظ | The consequences are significant. |
| consistently (adv.) | always, in the same way over time | باستمرار / دايمًا | Research consistently shows that emotion spreads fast. |
| priorities (n.) | things that are more important than others | أولويات | Accuracy is not one of the platforms' priorities. |
| misinformation (n.) | false or wrong information | معلومات غلط | Viral misinformation spreads quickly. |
| distort (v.) | to change something so it is no longer accurate | يشوّه / يحرّف | Myths can distort our understanding of history. |
| myth (n.) | a story or belief that is not true | خرافة / معلومة غلط منتشرة | It is a myth that fifty engineers built the pyramid. |
| exaggerated (adj.) | made bigger or more important than it really is | مبالغ فيه | People share exaggerated stories for likes. |
| nostalgia (n.) | a happy but sad feeling when you think about the past | حنين للماضي | Old photos create strong nostalgia. |
Lesson 3.4 — Social Media and Historical Events
الدرس ده عن توثيق الأحداث والاكتشافات الأثرية، والفرق بين السوشيال ميديا والتوثيق العلمي.
| Word | Simple English meaning | المعنى بالعربي | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| document (v.) | to make a lasting record of something | يوثّق | Citizens now document events with their phones. |
| documentation (n.) | recording and keeping information or evidence | توثيق | Social media cannot replace careful documentation. |
| excavation (n.) | digging to discover old objects or buildings | حفريات / تنقيب | The excavation revealed a royal tomb. |
| remarkable (adj.) | very unusual or surprising in a positive way | مدهش / لافت | It was a remarkable discovery. |
| submerged (adj.) | covered by or hidden under water | غارق / تحت الميّه | Divers explored a submerged city near Alexandria. |
| fragile (adj.) | easily damaged or broken | هش / سهل يتكسر | The papyrus is fragile. |
| citizen journalism (n.) | news reported by ordinary people, not trained journalists | صحافة المواطن | Citizen journalism is fast but not always reliable. |
| real-time (adj.) | happening and shared at the same moment | لحظة بلحظة | The find was shared in real-time. |
| digital archive (n.) | historical materials stored and available online | أرشيف رقمي | A digital archive keeps old photos safe. |
| selective framing (n.) | choosing which details to show or hide to shape opinion | عرض جزء من الصورة بس لتوجيه الرأي | The post used selective framing. |
| gatekeeper (n.) | a person or group that controls what information is shared | الجهة اللي بتتحكم في نشر المعلومة | Historians used to be the official gatekeepers. |
| reliable (adj.) | that can be trusted | موثوق فيه | Is a phone video reliable evidence? |
- اعمل كارت لكل كلمة: الكلمة على وش، والمعنى والمثال وعكسها على الضهر.
- قسّم الكلمات زي ما الكتاب مقسمها (درس درس)، لأن كل درس ليه موضوع وده بيسهّل الربط.
- استخدم 3 كلمات جديدة كل يوم في جملة عن نفسك، حتى لو جملة بسيطة.
عيلة الكلمة (Word Families)
Word families are groups of words that come from the same root but are different parts of speech: noun, verb, adjective and adverb.
مراجعة Review B بتطلب منك تحوّل كلمات زي preserve و accurate و access لأشكال تانية. الجدول ده فيه عيلات كلمات الوحدة:
إزاي تعرف تختار الشكل الصح؟ بص على الكلمة اللي قبل الفراغ واللي بعده:
| لو الفراغ… | يبقى محتاج | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| بعد a / an / the / my / this أو بعد صفة | Noun (اسم) | the importance of sleep · a serious problem |
| بعد الفاعل، أو بعد to، أو بعد can / should / must | Verb (فعل) | Teenagers should reduce screen time. |
| قبل الاسم، أو بعد is / are / become / feel / seem | Adjective (صفة) | a healthy diet · She feels confident. |
| بيوصف فعل أو صفة (إزاي؟ قد إيه؟)، وغالبًا آخره -ly | Adverb (ظرف) | They played competitively. · highly effective |
| Noun (اسم) | Verb (فعل) | Adjective (صفة) | Adverb (ظرف) | المعنى |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| preservation | preserve | preserved | — | حفظ ← يحافظ |
| conservation | conserve | — | — | صيانة ← يصون |
| accuracy | — | accurate / inaccurate | accurately | دقة ← دقيق |
| access | access | accessible / inaccessible | accessibly | وصول ← سهل الوصول له |
| history / historian | — | historic / historical | historically | تاريخ ← تاريخي |
| civilisation | civilise | civilised | — | حضارة ← متحضّر |
| documentation / document | document | documentary | — | توثيق ← يوثّق |
| verification | verify | verifiable | — | تحقق ← يتحقق |
| chronology | — | chronological | chronologically | تسلسل زمني ← مرتب زمنيًا |
| excavation | excavate | excavated | — | حفر ← يحفر |
| interpretation / interpreter | interpret | — | — | تفسير ← يفسّر |
| representation / representative | represent | representative | — | تمثيل ← يمثّل |
| distortion | distort | distorted | — | تشويه ← يشوّه |
| memory / memorial | memorise / remember | memorable | memorably | ذاكرة ← لا يُنسى |
| significance | signify | significant / insignificant | significantly | أهمية ← مهم |
كلمات بتيجي مع بعض (Collocations)
A collocation is two or more words that are often used together, like take responsibility or raise awareness. Using them makes your English sound natural.
الـ collocation يعني «كلمات متجوزة»: بتمشي مع بعض دايمًا. مثلًا بنقول take responsibility مش do responsibility. لو حفظتهم كده كتلة واحدة، كتابتك هتبقى أقوى وهتعرف تكمّل الفراغات بسرعة.
| Collocation | المعنى | Example |
|---|---|---|
| preserve heritage / history | يحافظ على التراث / التاريخ | Monuments preserve our heritage. |
| national identity | الهوية الوطنية | History shapes our national identity. |
| collective memory | الذاكرة الجماعية | Karnak holds Egypt's collective memory. |
| open its doors to the public | يفتح أبوابه للجمهور | The GEM opened its doors to the public in 2025. |
| in chronological order | بترتيب زمني | Events are listed in chronological order. |
| future generations | الأجيال الجاية | We protect artifacts for future generations. |
| go viral | ينتشر بسرعة | The video went viral in a few hours. |
| verify the accuracy / source | يتأكد من الدقة / المصدر | Verify the source before you share. |
| spread misinformation | ينشر معلومات غلط | Fake posts spread misinformation. |
| an archaeological discovery | اكتشاف أثري | An archaeological discovery was made in Luxor. |
| make a discovery | يكتشف | Divers made a remarkable discovery. |
| hands-on experience | تجربة عملية بإيدك | Workshops give students a hands-on experience. |
| cultural landmark | معلم ثقافي | The museum is a cultural landmark. |
| out of context | بره سياقه | Images are often shared out of context. |
Prefixes و Suffixes في الوحدة
A prefix comes at the start of a word and changes its meaning (un- + realistic = unrealistic). A suffix comes at the end and often changes the part of speech (aware + -ness = awareness).
الـ prefix حتة بتتحط في أول الكلمة وبتغيّر معناها (غالبًا بتقلبها للعكس). الـ suffix حتة بتتحط في آخر الكلمة وبتغيّر نوعها (من صفة لاسم، أو من اسم لصفة…). دي أسهل طريقة تعرف بيها نوع الكلمة من غير ما تكون حافظها.
| Prefix / Suffix | بيعمل إيه؟ | Examples from the unit |
|---|---|---|
| multi- | كتير / متعدد | multilingual, multiple |
| in- / im- | عكس | inaccurate, inaccessible, insignificant, impossible |
| mis- | غلط | misinformation, misleading, misunderstood |
| re- | تاني / من جديد | rebuild, reconstruct, revisit |
| pre- | قبل | prehistory (ما قبل التاريخ) |
| -ation / -tion | اسم من فعل | preservation, conservation, documentation, excavation |
| -ist / -ian | شخص متخصص | archaeologist, historian |
| -al | صفة | historical, chronological, cultural, national |
| -able | صفة | remarkable, memorable, reliable, verifiable |
| -ise | فعل | prioritise, civilise, memorise |
مرادفات وأضداد (Synonyms & Antonyms)
A synonym has the same or a similar meaning (fragile = delicate). An antonym has the opposite meaning (mindful ≠ careless).
المراجعات في الكتاب بتسأل سؤالين مشهورين: «The underlined word has an antonymous meaning to…» يعني عكسها إيه، و«Find the word in the text that could meaningfully replace…» يعني مرادفها إيه من القطعة. الجدول ده بيجهزك للاتنين.
| Word | Synonym (نفس المعنى) | Antonym (عكسها) | المعنى بالعربي |
|---|---|---|---|
| massive | huge / colossal | tiny / small | ضخم |
| fragile | delicate / easily broken | strong / sturdy | هش |
| accurate | correct / exact | inaccurate / false | دقيق |
| preserve | protect / safeguard | destroy / damage | يحافظ على |
| ancient | very old | modern | قديم |
| verify | check / confirm | — | يتأكد |
| remarkable | extraordinary / impressive | ordinary | مدهش |
| accessible | easy to reach / open to all | inaccessible | متاح |
| significant | important / major | insignificant / minor | مهم |
| reliable | trustworthy | unreliable | موثوق |
| collective | shared | individual | جماعي |
| permanent | lasting | temporary | دايم |
| consistently | always / regularly | rarely | باستمرار |
| exaggerated | overstated | accurate / understated | مبالغ فيه |
كلمات بتتلخبط في بعض
- a historic day (important in history) · a historical novel (about history)historic = حاجة مهمة جدًا في التاريخ، وhistorical = ليها علاقة بالتاريخ. الاتنين صفات.
- Museums preserve history. · The preservation of history matters.preserve فعل، preservation اسم. بعد The ... of بييجي الاسم.
- Check the accuracy of the post. · The post is accurate.accuracy اسم بعد the، و accurate صفة بعد is.
- The museum is accessible. · Visitors have access to guides.accessible صفة (سهل الوصول له)، و access اسم (إمكانية الوصول). وبنقول access to.
- artifact (US) · artefact (UK)نفس الكلمة بهجاءين. الكتاب بيستخدم artifact.
- The pharaoh was a representative of the gods. · Pharaohs represented power.representative اسم (ممثل) أو صفة، و represent فعل (يمثّل).
الكلمات في فقرة واحدة
اقرا الفقرة دي وطلّع الكلمات الجديدة اللي عليها bold. حاول تفهم كل كلمة من الجملة اللي حواليها (meaning in context).
Egypt's heritage is not only kept in books. Massive monuments such as Karnak and remarkable museums such as the Grand Egyptian Museum preserve our collective memory and our national identity. Inside the GEM, curators arrange thousands of artifacts in chronological order, so visitors can follow the great dynasties step by step. Multilingual labels make the experience accessible to everyone, while conservation experts restore fragile objects for future generations.
Today, however, history also lives on social media. A photo of an excavation or a submerged city can go viral in a few hours. Some of these posts are exaggerated or shared out of context, and they can distort the past. That is why media literacy matters: before we share, we should verify the source and check its accuracy.
المعنى ببساطة: تراث مصر محفوظ في آثار ضخمة زي الكرنك ومتاحف زي المتحف المصري الكبير. أمناء المتحف بيرتبوا القطع حسب الزمن، والخبراء بيرمموا القطع الهشة. بس النهارده التاريخ كمان على السوشيال ميديا، وفيه بوستات مبالغ فيها بتشوه الحقيقة، علشان كده لازم نتأكد قبل ما نشير.
- Museums play a role in the preserve of heritage. ← in the preservation of heritage.
- Check the accurate of the post. ← Check the accuracy of the post.
- The exhibition is more access now. ← more accessible now.
- The statues are in chronology order. ← in chronological order.
- The video went virus. ← The video went viral.
- The museum opened its doors for the public. ← opened its doors to the public.
- The papyrus is fragile, so it is very strong. ← The papyrus is fragile, so it is easily damaged. (fragile = هش)
- Review B بتجيب نص وتقولك «Find the word that could meaningfully replace»: الكلمات اللي في السؤال بتكون شرح زي «keeper of the collection» = curator، و«time-ordered» = chronological، و«ruling families» = dynasties. احفظ الشرح الإنجليزي لكل كلمة.
- لو الاختيارات كلها صفات معناها قريب، ارجع للجملة. مثلًا fragile «closest in meaning to» = delicate مش strong.
- الكلمات اللي آخرها -ation غالبًا أسماء، و -al / -able غالبًا صفات، و -ly ظروف. ده بيساعدك تختار بسرعة.
- في T/F عن المتاحف: خلي بالك من الكلمات المطلقة زي every و always و random. غالبًا الجملة اللي فيها كده بتكون False.
إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟
الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات (Consolidation Reviews) بتيجي بالأشكال دي. شوف إزاي نحل كل نوع خطوة بخطوة:
النوع 1: Meaning in context
Before posting the old map, Adel verified its date with a historian. What does verified mean in this context? a. hid it b. checked that it was correct c. coloured it d. sold it
الإجابة: b. «مع مؤرخ» قبل ما ينشر، يبقى أكيد اتأكد إنه صح.
النوع 2: Complete with the correct form
The new ramps have made the museum more ______ to wheelchair users. (access)
الإجابة: accessible. بعد more وقبل to، ومع made + شيء + صفة، يبقى محتاجين صفة.
النوع 3: Closest in meaning / antonym
"The colossal statue welcomes visitors." The underlined word is closest in meaning to: a. tiny b. fragile c. huge d. modern
الإجابة: c. huge. colossal و massive و huge نفس المعنى. (a) عكسها.
تدريب
حل الأول في كشكول، وبعدين دوس Show answer وشوف الإجابة والسبب.
A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. A person who looks after and organises the objects in a museum is a ______. a. dynasty b. curator c. gatekeeper d. pharaoh
Show answer
b. curator — أمين المتحف.2. Divers found ancient columns lying under the sea near Alexandria. The columns were ______. a. inscribed b. submerged c. accumulated d. accessible
Show answer
b. submerged — تحت الميّه.3. A post showed only one small part of a photo to make people angry. This is an example of ______. a. selective framing b. conservation c. curation d. excavation
Show answer
a. selective framing — بيختار تفاصيل معينة علشان يوجّه الرأي.4. "Fake posts can distort our understanding of the past." Distort means ______. a. explain clearly b. change so it is no longer accurate c. record for the first time d. translate
Show answer
b — يشوّه ويحرّف.5. The digging that uncovered the tomb took three years. Another word for this digging is ______. a. exhibition b. excavation c. documentation d. restoration
Show answer
b. excavation — حفريات.6. Ordinary people who film and share news with their phones are practising ______. a. citizen journalism b. curation c. nostalgia d. heritage
Show answer
a. citizen journalism — صحافة المواطن.
B. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets.
7. The ______ of the Rosetta Stone helped experts understand hieroglyphs. (interpret)
Show answer
interpretation — بعد The وقبل of اسم.8. Many viral posts about the pyramids are completely ______. (accurate)
Show answer
inaccurate — المعنى محتاج العكس، والمكان بعد are صفة.9. Archaeologists ______ the site carefully for many months. (excavation)
Show answer
excavated — محتاجين فعل في الماضي بعد الفاعل.10. The objects are displayed ______, from prehistory to the Roman period. (chronology)
Show answer
chronologically — بيوصف الفعل are displayed يبقى ظرف.11. Karnak is one of the most ______ sites in Egypt. (history)
Show answer
historic — مكان مهم جدًا في التاريخ. (historical كمان مقبولة)12. Some old papyri are ______ and need special care. (fragility)
Show answer
fragile — بعد are صفة.13. The opening of the GEM was a ______ moment for Egypt. (memory)
Show answer
memorable — قبل الاسم moment صفة = لا يُنسى.
C. Read the text, then find words in the text.
Last winter, a team of Egyptian archaeologists working in the Delta made an extraordinary discovery: a huge stone gate that had been hidden under the sand for over two thousand years. Within hours, a short video of the find had spread across social media. Some posts added exaggerated claims about hidden gold. Experts reminded the public that every detail must be checked before it is shared, and that the most important thing is to protect the site from damage so that it lasts for future generations.
14. Find a word that means remarkable.
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extraordinary — صفة بنفس المعنى (مدهش).15. Find a word that means massive.
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huge — ضخم.16. Find a word that means verified.
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checked (must be checked) — اتأكد منه.17. Find a word that means preserve.
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protect — يحافظ على.18. Find the antonym of revealed / shown.
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hidden — (had been hidden under the sand) يعني مستخبي.19. Find the antonym of accurate / balanced.
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exaggerated — مبالغ فيه.
D. Choose the antonym / the correct word.
20. "The papyrus is fragile." The underlined word has an antonymous meaning to: a. delicate b. weak c. sturdy d. thin
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c. sturdy — قوي ومتين. الباقي قريبين من fragile.21. "Instagram stories are temporary." The antonym of temporary is: a. short b. permanent c. quick d. digital
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b. permanent — دايم.22. "This source is reliable." The antonym is: a. trustworthy b. accurate c. unreliable d. official
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c. unreliable — بنزود un-.23. Choose the correct word: The GEM is a (historic / historical) achievement for Egypt.
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historic — إنجاز مهم جدًا في التاريخ.24. Choose the correct word: The guide spoke to visitors in four languages. He is (multilingual / chronological).
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multilingual — بيتكلم أكتر من لغة.
- 3.1: massive, accumulated, representative, inscribed, encoded, devotion, ram-headed sphinx · 3.2: artifact, curator, dynasties, conservation, accessible, chronological, multilingual.
- 3.3: media literacy, significant, claims, priorities, consistently, verify · 3.4: excavation, remarkable, submerged, documentation, fragile, accuracy.
- عيلات Review B: preserve → preservation، accurate → accuracy / inaccurate، access → accessible، chronology → chronological.
- أضداد ومرادفات: fragile = delicate ≠ sturdy · massive = colossal ≠ tiny · reliable ≠ unreliable · temporary ≠ permanent.
- قبل ما تشير بوست تاريخي: verify المصدر، وخلي بالك من الـ exaggerated claims والـ selective framing.
كل دروس المنهج
Grammar · القواعد
- Participial Phrases (-ing / -ed)
- Relative Clauses (who, which, that)
- Conditionals (If… will / would / would have) + hedging
- Gerunds and Infinitives
- Narrative Tenses
- Prepositional Phrases of Place and Time
- Concession Clauses
- The Passive Voice for Formal Reporting
- The Present Perfect (since, for, just, already, yet, ever, never)
- Fronting for Emphasis
- Cause-and-Effect Structures
- Modal Verbs (could, should, may, must)
- Adverbials of Degree and Frequency
- Reported Speech
- Used to / Would (Past Habits)
- The Present Continuous
- Linking Words and Logical Connectors
- The Causative: have / get something done
- So… that / Such… that
- Stative Verbs vs Action Verbs
- Quantifiers (too much / too many, a large amount of, few / little)
Vocabulary & Language · الكلمات واللغة
- Well-being and Mental Health
- Leisure, Screen Time, Arts and Sport
- History, Heritage and Museums
- Brands, Food Waste and Sales Culture
- Climate Change and Renewable Energy
- Global Responsibility and Advocacy
- Passion, Hobbies and Community
- Vocational Education and Careers
- Belonging and Inclusion
- Hidden Costs and Fast Fashion
- Persuasive and Biased Language: intensifiers, rhetorical questions, absolute language
- Hedging and Neutral Language
- Tone, Evaluative Language and Selective Framing
- Concession Language
- Media Literacy: fact, opinion, bias and greenwashing
Reading · القراية
- Reading for Gist and Key Detail
- True / False / Not Given with justification
- Fact, Opinion and Biased Claims
- Identifying Bias in Media Texts
- Rhetorical Devices and Their Effects
- The Writer's Viewpoint and Tone
- Main Argument and Supporting Points
- Cause and Effect in Informational Texts
- Text Types: reports, articles, opinion articles, narratives and profiles
- Vocabulary in Context
- Evaluating the Reliability of Online Content
Listening · الاستماع
- Broadcasts, Podcasts, Radio Programmes and Media Reports
- Listening for Main Ideas and Specific Information
- Stated vs Unstated Information
- The Speaker's Perspective
- Technical Terms in Context
Speaking · الكلام
- Giving and Justifying an Opinion (JRE)
- Acknowledging an Opposing Viewpoint
- Structured Presentations (3–5 minutes)
- Pair and Group Discussions
- Debates
- Role-plays and Pitches
- Reporting Other People's Views
Writing · الكتابة
- The JRE Analytical Paragraph
- Reflective Writing
- Opinion Paragraph
- Diary Entry
- Discursive Paragraph
- Opinion Article
- Review
- Argumentative Paragraph
- Informational Leaflet
- Formal Email
- Persuasive Email
- Proposal
- Discursive Essay
- Blog Post
- Recommendation Report
- Personal Development Plan
- Personal Narrative
- Problem-Solution Paragraph
Literature · الأدب والقصة
- The Lost World — the set novel
- The Lost World · Chapter 1: A Dream of Adventure
- The Lost World · Chapter 2: Professor Challenger's Secret
- The Lost World · Chapter 3: The Expedition Is Chosen
- The Lost World · Chapter 4: Into the Unknown
- The Lost World · Chapter 5: Trapped in the Lost World
- The Lost World · Chapter 6: Malone's Night Adventure
- The Lost World · Chapter 7: Prisoners of the Ape-Men
- The Lost World · Chapter 8: The Battle for the Plateau
- The Lost World · Chapter 9: The Hidden Way Home
- The Lost World · Chapter 10: Proof Before the World
- Literary Extract: “Not Exactly a Relaxing Day”
- Narrative Techniques: simile, contrast and personal voice
- Mood, Tone and the Narrator's Shifting Feelings
- Characters, Themes and Key Events