The Present Perfect (since, for, just, already, yet, ever, never)

تانية بكالوريا English

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

We use the present perfect (have / has + past participle) to talk about something that started or happened in the past and is still important now. It connects the past to the present, because we care about the result, not the exact time.

الـ present perfect (المضارع التام) هو الزمن اللي بيعمل كوبري بين الماضي والحاضر. حاجة حصلت قبل كده، بس نتيجتها أو أثرها لسه موجود دلوقتي، أو حاجة بدأت زمان ولسه مستمرة.

في الكتاب الدرس ده في Unit 4: The Power of Choice، Lesson 4.4 (عن الـ sales والـ Black Friday)، جزء Grammar Focus وGrammar in Context (صفحة 126-128)، ومعاه Writing Task: اكتب 5 جمل عن الـ sales culture بالـ present perfect، وبيرجع في Consolidation Review B. الكتاب بيقول إنه منتشر جدًا في التقارير والمقالات والكتابة الأكاديمية، وبيركز على الكلمات دي: since, for, just, already, yet, never, ever.

الفكرة ببساطة: النتيجة دلوقتي

Past simple = a finished action at a finished time (yesterday, in 2010). Present perfect = a past action with a present result, or a situation that is still true — the time is not finished or not important.

قارن الجملتين دول:

• I lost my wallet yesterday.Past simple: حكاية حصلت امبارح وخلصت. (يمكن لقيتها بعد كده.)
• I have lost my wallet.Present perfect: ضيعتها، والنتيجة دلوقتي إن معيش فلوس. مش مهم إمتى بالظبط.

فيه 4 استخدامات رئيسية للـ present perfect:

التكوين (Form)

have / has + past participle (V3). Use has with he / she / it and singular nouns, have with I / you / we / they and plural nouns.

الـ V3 (past participle) = التصريف التالت للفعل:

• الأفعال العادية (regular): نزوّد -ed زي التاني بالظبط: use ← used، waste ← wasted، introduce ← introduced، stop ← stopped، study ← studied.
• الأفعال الشاذة (irregular) لازم تتحفظ: buy ← bought، spend ← spent، find ← found، become ← become، fall ← fallen، see ← seen، go ← gone، eat ← eaten، throw ← thrown، give ← given، take ← taken، write ← written، be ← been.

الكلمات اللي بتيجي معاه: since, for, just, already, yet, ever, never

These time markers go in fixed positions. just / already / ever / never go between have and the V3. yet goes at the end. since / for usually go at the end.

since ولا for؟

since + a point in time (when it started). for + a period of time (how long).

أهم فرق: Present Perfect ولا Past Simple؟

If the sentence has a finished time (yesterday, last week, in 2019, two days ago, when I was ten), use the past simple, not the present perfect.

ده أشهر سؤال في الامتحانات. القاعدة: لو الوقت خلص ومذكور، استخدم الماضي البسيط.

• ✗ I have bought these shoes two days ago. ← ✓ I bought these shoes two days ago.ago = وقت خلص، فالماضي البسيط.
• ✓ I have bought these shoes, and I wore them yesterday.الأول: نتيجة دلوقتي (عندي الجزمة). التاني: حدث بوقت محدد (امبارح).

وبالنسبة لمثال الكتاب She has bought a jacket during the sale: ده صح لأن الـ sale لسه شغال (الفترة مخلصتش). لو الـ sale خلص وبنحكي عنه كحكاية، نقول: She bought a jacket during last week's sale.

been ولا gone؟

has gone to = went and is still there. has been to = went and came back (experience).

• Ahmed has gone to the mall.أحمد راح المول ولسه هناك (مش موجود دلوقتي).
• Ahmed has been to the mall three times this month.أحمد راح ورجع، 3 مرات (خبرة).
• Have you ever been to a Black Friday sale?عمرك رحت أوكازيون Black Friday؟ (been مع ever).

أمثلة من موضوعات الوحدة

الأمثلة دي عن موضوعات Unit 4: الـ brands، الـ food waste، الـ sales والـ Black Friday، والـ screen time.

• Food waste has become a serious global problem in recent years.إهدار الأكل بقى مشكلة عالمية خطيرة في السنين الأخيرة. نتيجة دلوقتي. (Review B)
• Research has found that sale shoppers spend more money overall.الأبحاث لقت إن اللي بيشتروا في الأوكازيونات بيصرفوا أكتر. نتيجة بحث لسه مهمة.
• Shops have used countdown clocks for years.المحلات بتستخدم عدادات التنازل بقالها سنين. for + مدة.
• Many families have started planning their meals since prices went up.عائلات كتير بدأت تخطط لأكلها من ساعة ما الأسعار غليت.
• I have never bought a jacket just because it was 50% off.عمري ما اشتريت جاكيت علشان عليه خصم 50% بس. never + فعل مثبت.
• Have you ever fallen for a loss aversion trick?عمرك اتخدعت بخدعة الـ loss aversion قبل كده؟ ever في السؤال.
• The supermarket has just launched a campaign against food waste.السوبرماركت لسه حالًا طلع حملة ضد إهدار الأكل.
• We have already spent half of our monthly budget.إحنا صرفنا خلاص نص ميزانية الشهر (وإحنا لسه في نصه).
• My brother hasn't deleted the shopping app yet.أخويا لسه ما مسحش أبليكيشن الشوبينج. yet في آخر جملة النفي.
• Teenagers have spent more time on screens since the pandemic.المراهقين بقوا يقضوا وقت أكتر على الشاشات من ساعة الوباء.
• This topic has never received enough attention.الموضوع ده عمره ما خد الاهتمام الكافي. (زي جملة الكتاب)

إزاي نستخدمه في التقارير والمقالات

In reports and opinion articles, the present perfect presents recent findings and changes that matter now: Studies have shown…, Prices have risen…, Consumers have become…

في الـ opinion article أو الـ formal report بتاع الوحدة، الـ present perfect بيخلي كلامك حديث ومهم. استخدمه علشان تقدّم الدليل (Evidence) في الـ JRE:

Justify: Sales events do not really help consumers save money. Reason: Shops have designed clever tricks such as countdown clocks and 'Only 3 left!' signs. Evidence: Research has found that people who shop during sales spend more overall. In Egypt, many young people have started buying online because apps have made shopping faster than ever.

لاحظ: has found / have designed / have started بيقولوا إن الكلام ده حصل ولسه ليه أثر النهارده. وده بيقوّي الحجة.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي. هنحل مثال لكل شكل:

1) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

My brother hasn't paid for his online order ______.

a. already b. since c. yet d. ever

الإجابة: c. yet — جملة نفي (hasn't paid) والكلمة في الآخر.

2) Write the correct present perfect form of the verbs between brackets.

Some schools in Egypt (already / start) teaching food education.

الإجابة: Some schools have already started — schools جمع = have، already بين have والـ V3.

3) Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

a. Prices have risen since three years.

b. Prices has risen for three years.

c. Prices have risen for three years.

d. Prices have rose for three years.

الإجابة: c. prices جمع = have، V3 بتاع rise هو risen، و«three years» مدة = for.

تدريب

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. 1. Online shopping ______ very popular among teenagers in recent years. a. has become b. became c. have become d. becomes

   Show answer

   a. has become — in recent years = لحد دلوقتي، و online shopping مفرد = has.

2. 2. I ______ my pocket money on clothes last weekend. a. have spent b. spent c. has spent d. have spend

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   b. spent — last weekend = وقت خلص، يبقى past simple.

3. 3. The company has ______ launched its new phone, so it is not in the shops yet. a. yet b. never c. just d. since

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   c. just — لسه حالًا نزّلته (علشان كده مش في المحلات لسه).

4. 4. Have you ______ bought something only because of a countdown clock? a. yet b. ever c. already d. since

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   b. ever — سؤال عن الخبرة في الحياة.

5. 5. My family has used this supermarket ______ 2018. a. for b. since c. ago d. during

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   b. since — 2018 نقطة بداية.

6. 6. The government hasn't introduced new food waste laws ______. a. already b. just c. yet d. ever

   Show answer

   c. yet — نفي، وفي الآخر.

7. 7. Shops ______ this trick for decades. a. has used b. have used c. used to using d. have using

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   b. have used — shops جمع، و for decades مدة لسه مستمرة.

8. 8. Nour isn't here. She ______ to the mall with her friends. a. has been b. has gone c. have gone d. was gone

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   b. has gone — راحت ولسه هناك (isn't here).

B. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

1. 9. a. Nour has spent all her pocket money. b. Nour have spent all her pocket money. c. Nour has spend all her pocket money. d. Nour has spended all her pocket money.

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   a — Nour (هي) = has، و V3 بتاع spend هو spent.

2. 10. a. You have ever bought something you didn't need? b. Have you ever buy something you didn't need? c. Did you ever have bought something you didn't need? d. Have you ever bought something you didn't need?

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   d — السؤال: Have + subject + ever + V3 (bought).

3. 11. a. I have never wasted so much food before. b. I haven't never wasted so much food before. c. I have never waste so much food before. d. I has never wasted so much food before.

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   a — never لوحدها نفي، ومعاها فعل مثبت V3.

4. 12. a. We have watched that advert two days ago. b. We watched that advert two days ago. c. We has watched that advert two days ago. d. We have watch that advert two days ago.

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   b — ago = past simple.

C. Write the correct present perfect form of the verbs between brackets.

1. 13. Researchers (discover) that bread is the food Egyptian families waste most.

   Show answer

   have discovered — researchers جمع = have.

2. 14. The restaurant (not / start) donating its leftover food yet.

   Show answer

   hasn't started — restaurant مفرد، نفي مع yet.

3. 15. My sister (just / cancel) her online order.

   Show answer

   has just cancelled — just بين has و V3. (cancelled بـ ll في البريطاني)

4. 16. (you / ever / try) to go a whole week without buying anything?

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   Have you ever tried — سؤال خبرة: Have + you + ever + V3.

5. 17. We (know) about the dangers of fast fashion for many years.

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   have known — for many years = مستمر لحد دلوقتي. (know فعل حالة، فمش بنقول have been knowing)

6. 18. Black Friday (become) popular in Egypt since online shopping grew.

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   has become — since + جملة في الماضي البسيط.

D. Complete, correct and write.

1. 19. Complete with since or for: I have followed this brand ______ I was twelve, and I have worn its trainers ______ three years.

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   since I was twelve (نقطة بداية) / for three years (مدة).

2. 20. Find and correct the mistake: The app has already sent me ten notifications yet.

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   نشيل yet: The app has already sent me ten notifications. — yet مش بتيجي في المثبت.

3. 21. Find and correct the mistake: How long do you have this phone?

   Show answer

   How long have you had this phone? — سؤال المدة لحاجة لسه مستمرة = present perfect.

4. 22. Rewrite using the present perfect: I started using a shopping list in January. I still use it.

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   I have used a shopping list since January. — أو: I have used a shopping list for … months.

5. 23. Answer with a full sentence: Have you ever thrown away food that you didn't eat?

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   مثال: Yes, I have. I have thrown away bread many times. / No, I have never thrown away food.

6. 24. Write TWO sentences about food waste: one with already and one with yet.

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   مثال: Some hotels have already started giving leftover food to charities. Many families haven't learnt to plan their meals yet.

7. 25. Write FIVE sentences about sales culture using the present perfect (as in the book's Writing Task). Use five different time markers.

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   مثال: Shops have used countdown clocks for years. Prices have risen since last Ramadan. I have just seen a '70% off' sign. Have you ever bought something you didn't need? I have never waited all night for a sale. — for / since / just / ever / never.