Quantifiers (too much / too many, a large amount of, few / little)

تانية بكالوريا English

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

Quantifiers are words that tell us how much or how many of something there is, when we do not need (or do not have) an exact number: too many clothes, a large amount of water, few garments.

ساعات مبنعرفش الرقم بالظبط، أو مش محتاجينه. بدل ما نقول «2,700 لتر» بنقول «كمية كبيرة من المية»، وبدل «3% من الهدوم» بنقول «هدوم قليلة جدًا». الكلمات اللي بتعمل كده اسمها quantifiers (كلمات الكمية).

في الكتاب الدرس ده موجود في Unit 10: Behind the Buy، Section B: The Price We Don't Count، جزء Grammar Focus: Quantifiers (صفحة 143)، وبييجي تاني في Consolidation Review E. الكتاب بيستخدمها علشان نتكلم عن التكلفة المخفية للـ fast fashion: المية، الشغل، والهدوم اللي بتترمي.

أول خطوة: الاسم بيتعد ولا لأ؟

Before you choose a quantifier, ask: is the noun countable (clothes, people, T-shirts) or uncountable (water, waste, information)?

كل الدرس قايم على سؤال واحد: الاسم ده ينفع أعدّه ولا لأ؟

وعلشان تفرّق بسرعة: لو ينفع تحط قبله رقم (three T-shirts) ← countable. لو محتاج تقول «a bottle of water» أو «a piece of information» علشان تعده ← uncountable.

جدول الـ Quantifiers كلها

Some quantifiers go only with countable nouns, some only with uncountable nouns, and some with both.

بص على الكلمات اللي مينفعش تبدّلها:

• many / a large number of / too many / few / a few ← مع الجمع بس.
• much / a large amount of / a great deal of / too much / little / a little ← مع الـ uncountable بس.
• a lot of / lots of / plenty of / enough / a fraction of ← مع الاتنين (ريّح دماغك).

كل Quantifier بالتفصيل

1) too much / too many = أكتر من اللازم (وده حاجة وحشة)

too many + plural noun, too much + uncountable noun. Both mean more than is good or necessary.

• Too many clothes are thrown away every year.هدوم كتير زيادة عن اللزوم بتترمي كل سنة. clothes جمع ← too many.
• Fast fashion uses too much water.الـ fast fashion بتستهلك مية أكتر من اللازم. water مبتتعدش ← too much.

خلي بالك: too فيها معنى سلبي. «a lot of» = كتير وخلاص، لكن «too much» = كتير لدرجة إنها مشكلة.

2) a large amount of / a great deal of / a large number of = كمية كبيرة / عدد كبير

a large amount of and a great deal of go with uncountable nouns. Use a large number of with plural nouns.

• A large amount of water is used to grow cotton.كمية كبيرة من المية بتستخدم في زراعة القطن. لاحظ الفعل is مفرد علشان water.
• A great deal of fabric ends up in landfill.كمية ضخمة من القماش بتنتهي في مقالب الزبالة. (ends مفرد)
• A large number of workers are paid very little.عدد كبير من العمال بياخدوا مرتبات قليلة جدًا. workers جمع ← number، والفعل are جمع.

ده سؤال Review E: «A large ______ of water may be used…» ← amount لأن water مبتتعدش. ولو الكلمة كانت garments كانت هتبقى number.

3) few / a few — little / a little = قليل (والفرق في الـ a!)

few / little (without a) = not many / not much, and it sounds negative. a few / a little = some, and it sounds positive.

فكّر فيها كده: few / little = «الكوباية فاضية تقريبًا». a few / a little = «الكوباية فيها شوية وده كويس». غالبًا بنقول only a few / only a little وvery few / very little.

4) plenty of / enough = كفاية أو أكتر

plenty of = more than enough. enough = as much as we need. Both go with plural and uncountable nouns. enough comes before a noun but after an adjective.

• There is plenty of evidence that fast fashion harms the planet.فيه أدلة كتير وتكفي وتزيد.
• There is more than enough fabric waste to fill landfill sites for decades.فيه قماش مرمي أكتر من الكفاية يملا المقالب لعشرات السنين. (جملة الكتاب)
• Factory workers do not earn enough money to live well.enough قبل الاسم: enough money.
• The wages are not high enough.enough بعد الصفة: high enough. ✗ enough high

5) the majority of / a fraction of = نسبة

the majority of = most, more than half (always with the). a fraction of = a very small part.

• The majority of brands don't publish their true production numbers.أغلب البراندات مبتنشرش أرقامها الحقيقية. لازم the مش a. والفعل جمع (brands).
• Only a fraction of donated clothing is resold.جزء صغير بس من الهدوم المتبرّع بيها بيتباع تاني. clothing مبتتعدش ← is.
• Workers are paid a fraction of a living wage.العمال بياخدوا جزء صغير من الأجر اللي يكفي المعيشة.

much و many في الجمل العادية

In positive sentences we usually say a lot of. much and many are more common in questions and negatives: How much water…? / There aren't many repair shops.

• How much water does one T-shirt need?سؤال عن كمية ← How much.
• How many clothes do you buy every year?سؤال عن عدد ← How many.
• There aren't many repair shops in my area.نفي ← many عادي جدًا.
• People throw away a lot of clothing.جملة مثبتة ← a lot of أكتر استخدامًا من much.

أمثلة من موضوعات الوحدة

الأمثلة دي كلها عن التكلفة المخفية للاستهلاك: الـ fast fashion، الشراء أونلاين، الهدايا والتغليف، والمبادرات زي الـ repair café والـ swap.

• Too many online orders arrive in too much packaging.طلبات أونلاين كتير زيادة بتيجي في تغليف كتير زيادة. الاتنين سلبي.
• A large number of consumers never read the label.عدد كبير من المستهلكين عمرهم ما بيقروا الليبل.
• Very few shoppers ask who made their clothes.تقريبًا مفيش متسوقين بيسألوا مين اللي عمل هدومهم.
• A few students started a repair café last term.شوية طلبة (وده خبر حلو) عملوا ركن تصليح الترم اللي فات.
• There is little information about the factories on the website.تقريبًا مفيش معلومات عن المصانع على الموقع.
• With a little help, Grandma fixed my torn jacket.بشوية مساعدة، تيتا صلّحت الجاكيت المقطوع.
• The majority of garments are worn fewer than ten times.أغلب الهدوم بتتلبس أقل من 10 مرات.
• A great deal of energy is used to deliver next-day orders.طاقة كتير جدًا بتتصرف علشان توصيل الطلبات تاني يوم.
• Our swap event attracted plenty of families.حدث التبادل بتاعنا جاب عائلات كتير.
• We don't have enough time to repair everything we own.معندناش وقت كفاية نصلّح كل حاجة عندنا.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي. هنحل مثال لكل شكل:

1) Choose the correct answer.

A large ______ of garments are sent abroad every year.

a. amount b. number c. deal d. little

الإجابة: b. number. ليه؟ garments جمع بيتعد، والفعل are جمع. amount و deal للـ uncountable، و little مش بتيجي بعد a large.

2) Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct.

a. Only a little shoppers check the label.

b. Only few shopper check the label.

c. Only a few shoppers check the label.

d. Only a much shoppers check the label.

الإجابة: c. shoppers جمع ← a few. (a) a little للـ uncountable. (b) shopper لازم تبقى جمع. (d) a much مش موجودة.

3) Fill in the gaps with the correct quantifier.

(1) ______ people know how much water a pair of jeans needs. Only (2) ______ of old jeans is recycled, but there is (3) ______ evidence that recycling can save water.

الإجابة: (1) Few — تقريبًا مفيش ناس (معنى سلبي). (2) a fraction — نسبة صغيرة، وبعدها of. (3) plenty of / enough — أدلة كفاية. لاحظ إن الكلمات دي موجودة في جدول الكتاب، والسؤال بيطلب تختار منه.

تدريب

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. 1. There are ______ clothes in my wardrobe. I never wear half of them. a. too much b. too many c. a little d. a great deal of

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   b. too many — clothes جمع، والمعنى أكتر من اللازم.

2. 2. A great ______ of energy is used to make one pair of jeans. a. number b. many c. deal d. few

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   c. deal — a great deal of + uncountable (energy).

3. 3. ______ consumers think about the workers behind their clothes, which is sad. a. A few b. Few c. A little d. Little

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   b. Few — جمع ومعنى سلبي (which is sad).

4. 4. The majority of online shoppers ______ the cheapest delivery option. a. chooses b. is choosing c. choose d. has chosen

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   c. choose — الفعل مع shoppers (جمع).

5. 5. I have ______ money left, so I can buy a second-hand book. a. a few b. few c. a little d. many

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   c. a little — money مبتتعدش، والمعنى إيجابي (أقدر أشتري).

6. 6. How ______ plastic packaging came with your order? a. many b. much c. few d. number

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   b. much — packaging مبتتعدش.

7. 7. Only ______ of the clothes we donate is sold in our country. a. a fraction b. a few c. many d. a number

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   a. a fraction — نسبة صغيرة، وبعدها of.

8. 8. The shop doesn't give ______ information about where its products are made. a. many b. enough c. few d. a large number of

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   b. enough — information مبتتعدش، وenough تنفع للاتنين. (many و few و number للجمع)

B. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

1. 9. a. A large amount of water are wasted. b. A large amount of water is wasted. c. A large number of water is wasted. d. A large amounts of water is wasted.

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   b — water مبتتعدش ← amount + is.

2. 10. a. Too much brands use misleading labels. b. Too many brand use misleading labels. c. Too many brands use misleading labels. d. Too many brands uses misleading labels.

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   c — brands جمع ← too many + use.

3. 11. a. A majority of the garments are worn only once. b. The majority of the garments is worn only once. c. The majority of the garments are worn only once. d. The majority of garment are worn only once.

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   c — the majority + اسم جمع + are.

4. 12. a. The workers' wages are not enough high. b. The workers' wages are not high enough. c. The workers' wages are not enough highly. d. The workers' wages are not too high enough.

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   b — enough بعد الصفة.

C. Read the passage and find the mistakes, then correct them. (5 mistakes)

Nowadays, too much shoppers order clothes online. A large amounts of packaging is thrown away, and a little of it is ever reused. A majority of buyers never check the label, and many websites give very few information about their factories.

1. 13. Mistake 1

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   too much shoppers ← too many shoppers — shoppers جمع.

2. 14. Mistake 2

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   A large amounts ← A large amount — amount مفرد بعد a large.

3. 15. Mistake 3

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   a little of it ← little of it — المعنى سلبي (تقريبًا مفيش بيتعاد استخدامه).

4. 16. Mistake 4

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   A majority ← The majority — دايمًا the.

5. 17. Mistake 5

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   very few information ← very little information — information مبتتعدش.

D. Complete with a suitable quantifier, then write.

1. 18. With ______ creativity, an old T-shirt can become a shopping bag. (positive)

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   a little — creativity مبتتعدش، ومعنى إيجابي.

2. 19. There are ______ second-hand shops in our area, so it's easy to buy used clothes. (more than enough)

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   plenty of — أكتر من الكفاية (وينفع a lot of).

3. 20. ______ students came to the swap event, so we had to put out extra tables. (a big number)

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   A large number of / A lot of / Many — students جمع.

4. 21. Rewrite using too many or too much: We order more things online than we need.

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   We order too many things online. — things جمع.

5. 22. Rewrite using the majority of: Most teenagers follow at least one fashion influencer.

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   The majority of teenagers follow at least one fashion influencer. — الفعل follow جمع.

6. 23. Fast Fashion Trial: write ONE sentence for the Environmental Activist using at least TWO quantifiers.

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   مثال: A large amount of water is wasted, and only a fraction of clothing is recycled, so the whole industry must change. — زي الـ Speaking task في الكتاب (The Fast Fashion Trial).

7. 24. Problem-solution: write 2-3 sentences about clothing waste with a realistic fix. Use at least TWO quantifiers.

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   مثال: Too many garments are thrown away after being worn only a few times. A realistic solution is a monthly swap event at school. Even if a small number of students take part, a great deal of waste can be prevented.