Linking Words and Logical Connectors

تانية بكالوريا English

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

Linking words (also called connectors) join ideas and show the relationship between them: adding, contrasting, giving a reason, showing a result, giving an example, ordering points or concluding.

الدرس ده عن كلمات الربط: الكلمات الصغيرة اللي بتوصل فكرة بفكرة وبتقول للقارئ العلاقة بينهم إيه. يعني هل أنا بضيف فكرة؟ ولا بعارض؟ ولا بقول سبب؟ ولا نتيجة؟ من غيرها الكلام بيبقى جمل مقطّعة ومش مترابطة.

في الكتاب الموضوع ده موجود في مكانين: Book 1 · Unit 4: The Power of Choice (الهدف: «Use linking words to connect ideas clearly in writing»، وبيتطلب في الـ opinion article والـ review)، وBook 2 · Unit 8: Pathways to Progress (الـ Personal Development Plan لازم يكون فيه connectors زي because, since, therefore, furthermore, in addition). وبييجي في Consolidation Review B وReview D في الاختيار من متعدد وفي «اختار الجملة الصح».

الفكرة ببساطة: إشارات المرور في الكلام

A connector is like a road sign for the reader. It tells them what is coming next before they read it.

تخيل إنك سايق والطريق مليان يافطات: «انتبه، منعطف»، «كمّل على طول»، «نهاية الطريق». كلمات الربط هي اليافطات دي في الكلام:

• Furthermore / In addition = «كمّل على طول»: جاي فكرة تانية في نفس الاتجاه.
• However / On the other hand = «انتبه، منعطف»: جاي فكرة عكس اللي فاتت.
• Therefore / As a result = «وصلنا»: جاية النتيجة.
• In conclusion = «نهاية الطريق»: هنلخّص.

• The phone is expensive. Many teenagers buy it.جملتين من غير ربط: مش واضح العلاقة بينهم.
• The phone is expensive. However, many teenagers buy it.However وضحت إن فيه تناقض: غالي ومع ذلك بيشتروه.
• The phone is expensive. Therefore, few teenagers buy it.Therefore وضحت إن التانية نتيجة الأولى: غالي علشان كده قليلين بيشتروه.

جدول كلمات الربط حسب الوظيفة

Choose the connector by its job. Each group below has a different meaning.

القواعد: إيه اللي بييجي بعد كل كلمة؟

Connectors are not all used in the same way. Some are followed by a full clause (subject + verb), some by a noun / -ing, and some start a new sentence followed by a comma.

ده أهم جزء في الدرس، ومنه بتيجي معظم أسئلة «اختار الجملة الصح». كلمات الربط 3 أنواع حسب اللي بييجي بعدها:

النوع التالت ممكن ييجي بطريقتين:

• أول جملة جديدة بعد نقطة: The job is tiring. However, it pays well.
• بعد فاصلة منقوطة (semicolon) بتربط جملتين كاملتين مع بعض: The job is tiring; however, it pays well. الفاصلة المنقوطة هنا وظيفتها إنها تربط جملتين كاملتين مرتبطين ببعض، والكلمة اللي بتوضح التناقض هي however.

أزواج بتلخبط (Confusing Pairs)

1) because ولا because of؟

because + clause (subject + verb). because of / due to / owing to + noun or noun phrase.

• Many families waste bread because they buy too much.because + جملة (they buy).
• Much bread is wasted because of poor planning.because of + اسم (poor planning). ✗ because of they buy.

2) although ولا despite؟

although / even though + clause. despite / in spite of + noun or -ing. Never say despite of.

• Although the sale price was low, Ziad did not buy the shoes.although + جملة كاملة (the sale price was low).
• Despite the low sale price, Ziad did not buy the shoes.despite + اسم (the low sale price).
• In spite of being tired, Hana finished her training.in spite of + -ing. ✗ despite of.

3) although ولا however؟

although joins two ideas in one sentence. however starts the second sentence, followed by a comma.

• Although brands are expensive, teenagers love them.جملة واحدة، وalthough في أولها، والفاصلة في النص.
• Brands are expensive. However, teenagers love them.جملتين، وhowever في أول التانية وبعدها فاصلة.

4) so ولا therefore؟

Both show a result. so joins two clauses in one sentence (often after a comma). therefore is more formal and usually starts a new sentence or comes after a semicolon.

• The job market is changing, so students need adaptable skills.so: عادي وبيربط جوه نفس الجملة.
• The job market is changing rapidly. Therefore, students need to develop adaptable skills.therefore: رسمي أكتر، مناسب للـ report والمقال.

5) for example ولا such as؟

for example / for instance + a full sentence (with a comma). such as + nouns, inside the sentence.

• Employers value soft skills. For example, they look for good communicators.for example + جملة كاملة.
• Employers value soft skills such as teamwork and communication.such as + أسماء على طول ومن غير فاصلة بعدها.

6) whereas / while للمقارنة بين حاجتين:

• Branded shoes cost a lot, whereas unbranded ones are much cheaper.whereas = «في حين إن»: بتقارن حاجتين مختلفين في نفس الجملة.
• Some students prefer university, while others choose technical education.while هنا بمعنى whereas (مقارنة)، مش «في أثناء».

أمثلة من موضوعات الوحدتين

الأمثلة دي عن موضوعات Unit 4 (البراندات، الأكل المهدر، العروض والتخفيضات، وقت الشاشة) وUnit 8 (التعليم الفني، سوق العمل، المهارات).

• Brands do not only sell products. In addition, they sell the feeling of belonging.إضافة: البراندات مش بتبيع منتجات بس، كمان بتبيع إحساس الانتماء.
• Branded products are more expensive. Nevertheless, many teenagers still choose them.تناقض رسمي: ومع ذلك بيختاروها.
• Due to countdown clocks, shoppers feel they must buy quickly.سبب + اسم: بسبب عدادات الوقت التنازلية.
• Apps send frequent notifications. Consequently, users check their phones more often.نتيجة رسمية: ونتيجة لكده.
• Admittedly, not everyone is equally influenced by brand image.اعتراف بالرأي التاني: لازم نعترف إن مش كل الناس بتتأثر بنفس الدرجة.
• Some families waste food since they cook more than they need.since هنا = because (سبب)، مش «من ساعة».
• Vocational education is growing in Egypt. Furthermore, it supports the economy.إضافة رسمية.
• Omar improved his communication skills because he joined a debate club.because + جملة.
• Firstly, I will take an online course. After that, I will look for an internship.ترتيب الخطوات في الـ Personal Development Plan.
• On the other hand, some people argue that sales help families save money.الرأي التاني في الـ opinion article.
• To sum up, mindful shopping protects both our money and our planet.خاتمة.

إزاي نستخدمها في الكتابة والـ JRE

In an opinion article, a review or a plan, connectors guide the reader through your argument: your opinion, your reasons, the other side, and your conclusion.

الكتاب بيدّيك قالب للـ opinion article في Unit 4 فيه: Although … / As a result … / Furthermore … / On the other hand … However … / In conclusion …. وفي Unit 8 الـ rubric بيطلب connectors على الأقل اتنين. استخدمهم كده:

شوف الفقرة دي (الـ connectors مكتوبة بالـ bold):

It is clear that sale events such as Black Friday encourage young people to waste money. This is because countdown clocks and "limited" offers make shoppers feel they must buy immediately. For example, many teenagers buy clothes they never wear simply because the price looks low. Furthermore, cheap products often break quickly, so they end up as waste. On the other hand, some people argue that sales help families save money on things they really need. However, this is only true when shoppers plan carefully. In conclusion, sales can be useful, but only for buyers who think before they click.

لاحظ: كل connector في مكانه الصح: because / so / but جوه الجملة، وFor example / Furthermore / However / In conclusion في أول الجملة وبعدهم فاصلة.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي. هنحل مثال لكل شكل:

1) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

Many people know that fast food is unhealthy; ______, they still eat it every week.

a. therefore b. however c. because of d. due to

الإجابة: b. however. ليه؟ المعنى تناقض (عارفين إنه مضر ومع ذلك لسه بياكلوه). therefore نتيجة (عكس المعنى)، وbecause of وdue to محتاجين اسم.

2) Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct.

a. The shop offered a big discount; therefore, many customers came early.

b. The shop offered a big discount because of many customers came early.

c. The shop offered a big discount; therefore many customers comes early.

d. The shop offered a big discount owing to many customers came early.

الإجابة: a. ليه؟ therefore بعد فاصلة منقوطة بتربط جملتين كاملتين وبعدها فاصلة. (b) و(d) because of / owing to مايجيش بعدهم جملة. (c) ناقصها فاصلة بعد therefore، وcustomers comes غلط (came ماضي وcustomers جمع).

3) Fill in the blanks with the correct connector from the box.

[ Because of — Although — Furthermore — Therefore ]

______ the high demand, the school opened a new electronics class.

الإجابة: Because of. ليه؟ بعد الفراغ اسم (the high demand) والمعنى سبب.

تدريب

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. 1. Many factories are using new machines; ______, workers need to learn digital skills. a. although b. as a result c. because of d. in spite of

   Show answer

   b. as a result — التانية نتيجة الأولى، وبعد فاصلة منقوطة وقبل فاصلة.

2. 2. ______ online shopping is convenient, it can make us buy things we do not need. a. Despite b. Because of c. Although d. As a result

   Show answer

   c. Although — تناقض + بعدها جملة كاملة (online shopping is).

3. 3. Many people buy branded shoes ______ their high price. a. although b. despite c. because d. however

   Show answer

   b. despite — تناقض + بعدها اسم (their high price).

4. 4. Bread is often wasted ______ families buy more than they need. a. because b. because of c. due to d. therefore

   Show answer

   a. because — سبب + جملة كاملة (families buy).

5. 5. Employers value soft skills ______ teamwork and adaptability. a. for example b. such as c. however d. therefore

   Show answer

   b. such as — بعدها أسماء على طول ومن غير فاصلة.

6. 6. Technical schools teach practical skills. ______, they help students find jobs quickly. a. Furthermore b. Although c. Despite d. Because of

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   a. Furthermore — إضافة فكرة تانية إيجابية، وفي أول الجملة وبعدها فاصلة.

7. 7. Some students enjoy theory, ______ others prefer hands-on training. a. because b. whereas c. therefore d. due to

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   b. whereas — مقارنة بين مجموعتين في نفس الجملة.

8. 8. ______ heavy rain, the volunteers continued the food donation campaign. a. Although b. In spite of c. Because d. However

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   b. In spite of — تناقض + اسم (heavy rain).

B. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

1. 9. a. Although the job is tiring, but it pays well. b. Although the job is tiring, it pays well. c. Despite the job is tiring, it pays well. d. Although of the job is tiring, it pays well.

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   b — although + جملة، ومن غير but. (c) despite محتاجة اسم، (d) although of مش موجودة.

2. 10. a. Food is wasted because of people cook too much. b. Food is wasted due to people cook too much. c. Food is wasted because people cook too much. d. Food is wasted owing people cook too much.

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   c — because + جملة كاملة.

3. 11. a. Screens are useful, however they waste time. b. Screens are useful. However, they waste time. c. Screens are useful however, they waste time. d. However screens are useful, they waste time.

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   b — however في أول جملة جديدة وبعدها فاصلة.

4. 12. a. Despite of the discount, I didn't buy the jacket. b. Despite the discount, I didn't buy the jacket. c. Despite there was a discount, I didn't buy the jacket. d. In spite the discount, I didn't buy the jacket.

   Show answer

   b — despite + اسم ومن غير of. (d) in spite محتاجة of.

C. Complete the text with the correct connector from the box. Use each one once.

[ For instance — Owing to — Consequently — On the other hand — In conclusion ]

Many teenagers spend more than five hours a day on screens. (13) ______, they sleep less and feel tired at school. (14) ______ endless scrolling, they also have less time for hobbies. (15) ______, some students use apps to learn new skills such as coding. (16) ______, Salma learnt graphic design from free online videos. (17) ______, screens can harm or help us, depending on how we use them.

1. 13. ______, they sleep less …

   Show answer

   Consequently — نتيجة الساعات الكتير.

2. 14. ______ endless scrolling, …

   Show answer

   Owing to — سبب + اسم (endless scrolling).

3. 15. ______, some students use apps to learn …

   Show answer

   On the other hand — الجانب الإيجابي، عكس اللي قبله.

4. 16. ______, Salma learnt graphic design …

   Show answer

   For instance — مثال على الجملة اللي قبلها، وبعدها جملة كاملة.

5. 17. ______, screens can harm or help us …

   Show answer

   In conclusion — خاتمة الفقرة.

D. Join each pair of sentences using the word in brackets. Make any necessary changes.

1. 18. The phone was expensive. Nour bought it. (although)

   Show answer

   Although the phone was expensive, Nour bought it. — although + جملة، وفاصلة في النص، ومن غير but.

2. 19. The phone was expensive. Nour bought it. (despite)

   Show answer

   Despite the high price of the phone, Nour bought it. / Despite the phone being expensive, … — despite + اسم أو -ing.

3. 20. Karim joined a training course. He wanted to improve his English. (because)

   Show answer

   Karim joined a training course because he wanted to improve his English.

4. 21. The factory introduced smart machines. Workers needed new digital skills. (as a result)

   Show answer

   The factory introduced smart machines. As a result, workers needed new digital skills. — جملة جديدة + فاصلة. (أو بفاصلة منقوطة: … machines; as a result, workers …)

5. 22. Supermarkets throw away a lot of food. Restaurants waste huge amounts too. (in addition)

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   Supermarkets throw away a lot of food. In addition, restaurants waste huge amounts. — شلنا too لأن in addition أدت المعنى.

E. Correct the mistake, then write.

1. 23. Find and correct the mistake: In the other hand, sales help families save money.

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   On the other hand — الصح on مش in.

2. 24. Find and correct the mistake: Many students choose this school because of it has modern workshops.

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   because of ← because: … this school because it has modern workshops. — أو: … because of its modern workshops.

3. 25. Write a short paragraph (4-5 sentences) for your Personal Development Plan. Use at least THREE different connectors.

   Show answer

   مثال: One skill I would like to improve is public speaking because I feel nervous in front of others. Firstly, I plan to join the school debate club. In addition, I will practise short presentations at home every week. Therefore, I will feel more confident in job interviews in the future. — سبب + ترتيب + إضافة + نتيجة.