تانية بكالوريا · Grammar · Unit 4
Fronting for Emphasis
إزاي تقدّم الوقت أو المكان أو السبب أو المقارنة في أول الجملة علشان تأكد عليها وتخلي كتابتك رسمية ومتنوعة.
الدرس ده عن إيه؟
Fronting means moving a word or phrase to the beginning of a sentence to give it emphasis. It is used in formal writing and reports, and it makes your sentences more varied and interesting.
الدرس ده عن حاجة بسيطة جدًا: إنك تاخد جزء من الجملة وتقدّمه في أولها علشان تلفت نظر القارئ له. الجزء اللي بيتقدّم ده بيبقى هو المهم في الجملة.
في الكتاب الدرس ده موجود في Unit 4: The Power of Choice (Concept 4: Consumption and Choice)، جزء Action: Fronting (صفحة 108-109)، وبييجي تاني في Consolidation Review B. الكتاب بيقول إن الـ fronting بيتستخدم في الكتابة الرسمية والتقارير (formal writing and reports) علشان يدّي تأكيد (emphasis)، وكمان بيخلّي جملك متنوعة ومش مملة.
الفكرة ببساطة: «قدّم المهم»
In normal English word order, the sentence starts with the subject. With fronting, another part comes first, so the reader notices it immediately.
الجملة الإنجليزي العادية بتبدأ بالـ subject (الفاعل، اللي بيعمل الحاجة) وبعده الفعل. زي: Food waste is a serious problem in Egypt.
لو أنا عايز أركّز على مصر بالذات، أقدّم «In Egypt» في الأول وأحط بعدها فاصلة:
- Food waste is a serious problem in Egypt.ترتيب عادي (normal word order): الجملة بدأت بالفاعل Food waste.
- In Egypt, food waste is a serious problem.Fronting: قدّمنا المكان In Egypt علشان نأكد إن الكلام عن مصر بالذات. لاحظ الفاصلة بعد الجزء المتقدّم.
زي لما تقول في العربي: «الأكل بيترمي في مصر كتير» وبعدين تقول: «في مصر، الأكل بيترمي كتير». الجملة التانية بتشد ودنك لمصر أكتر. هي دي الفكرة كلها.
- الـ fronting مش بيغيّر المعنى. نفس المعلومة، بس التركيز اتغيّر.
- في النوع الأولاني (البسيط) ترتيب باقي الجملة بيفضل زي ما هو: subject + verb.
- لو الجزء المتقدّم طويل حط بعده فاصلة. لو قصير جدًا (زي Today) الفاصلة اختيارية.
الأنواع اللي الكتاب بيعلّمها
The book shows three types of simple fronting: fronting a time/place phrase, fronting a result/cause phrase, and fronting for contrast.
| النوع | إمتى نستخدمه؟ | كلمات بتبدأ بيها | مثال (Fronting) | الترتيب العادي |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time / place phrase (وقت أو مكان) | لما الوقت أو المكان هو المهم | In Egypt / Every year / At home / During sales / Last Friday | Every year, millions of tonnes of food are thrown away. | Millions of tonnes of food are thrown away every year. |
| Result / cause phrase (نتيجة أو سبب) | لما عايز تأكد على السبب أو النتيجة | As a result of / Because of / Due to / Owing to / Thanks to | As a result of poor storage, bread goes bad quickly. | Bread goes bad quickly as a result of poor storage. |
| Contrast (مقارنة أو عكس) | لما عايز تبيّن الفرق بين حاجتين | Unlike / Despite / In contrast to / Compared with / Although | Unlike large supermarkets, many small shops have limited storage space. | Many small shops have limited storage space, unlike large supermarkets. |
كمان ممكن نقدّم adverb أو تعبير قصير بيعبّر عن رأينا أو طريقتنا، زي: Surprisingly, … / At first glance, … / In my opinion, … وده نفس الفكرة: حاجة متقدمة + فاصلة + جملة عادية.
أمثلة من موضوعات الوحدة
الأمثلة دي كلها عن موضوعات Unit 4: هدر الأكل (food waste)، البراندات، عروض الـ Black Friday، والوقت اللي بنقضيه قدام الشاشات.
- In many Egyptian homes, leftover rice is thrown away after big family meals.في بيوت مصرية كتير، الرز الباقي بيترمي بعد العزومات. قدّمنا المكان.
- During Ramadan, food waste often increases significantly.في رمضان، هدر الأكل بيزيد بشكل كبير. قدّمنا الوقت.
- On Black Friday, shoppers often buy things they do not need.يوم الـ Black Friday، الناس بتشتري حاجات مش محتاجاها. وقت متقدّم.
- Because of clever advertising, teenagers want the newest trainers.بسبب الإعلانات الذكية، المراهقين عايزين أحدث كوتشي. سبب متقدّم.
- Due to poor planning, families cook more food than they can eat.بسبب سوء التخطيط، العيلات بتطبخ أكتر من اللي بتاكله. due to + اسم.
- As a result of endless notifications, students lose focus while studying.نتيجة الإشعارات اللي مبتخلصش، الطلبة بيفقدوا تركيزهم. نتيجة متقدّمة.
- Unlike online shops, local markets let you see and touch the product.على عكس المحلات الأونلاين، الأسواق المحلية بتخليك تشوف المنتج وتلمسه. مقارنة.
- Despite the big discounts, many shoppers regret what they bought.رغم الخصومات الكبيرة، ناس كتير بتندم على اللي اشترته. despite + اسم.
- At school, uneaten sandwiches are a common sight.في المدرسة، السندوتشات اللي محدش كلها منظر متكرر.
- Every night, I spend at least two hours on my phone.كل ليلة بقضي ساعتين على الأقل على موبايلي. وقت متقدّم في جملة شخصية.
مستوى أعلى: Fronting مع قلب الجملة (Inversion)
In very formal writing, some fronted words make us invert the subject and the auxiliary verb: the auxiliary (do / does / did / have / can…) comes before the subject, like in a question. This happens after negative or limiting words such as Rarely, Never, Seldom, Only after, Not until, Not only.
في الكتاب (صفحة 109) فيه فقرة عن اختيارات المستهلك فيها جمل زي Rarely do consumers consider… و Not until they reflect… do they begin…. دي نوع أقوى من الـ fronting اسمه inversion (يعني «قلب»): بعد كلمات نفي أو تقليل معينة في أول الجملة، الجملة بتتقلب زي السؤال.
إزاي تقلبها؟ 3 خطوات:
- حط كلمة النفي/التقليل في الأول: Rarely / Never / Seldom / Hardly ever / Only after… / Not until… / Not only…
- بعدها على طول الفعل المساعد (auxiliary). لو الجملة مفيهاش فعل مساعد، هات do / does / did حسب الزمن.
- بعدها الـ subject، وبعده الفعل الأساسي في المصدر (من غير s أو ed).
| الكلمة المتقدّمة | معناها | الترتيب العادي | بعد الـ Inversion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rarely / Seldom | نادرًا | Consumers rarely consider the environmental impact. | Rarely do consumers consider the environmental impact. |
| Never | عمري ما / أبدًا | I have never seen so much food thrown away. | Never have I seen so much food thrown away. |
| Only after + اسم/جملة | بس بعد ما | Many people realise the cost only after comparing options. | Only after comparing options do many people realise the cost. |
| Not until + جملة | مش قبل ما / لحد ما | They begin to change only when they reflect on their habits. | Not until they reflect on their habits do they begin to change. |
| Not only … but also | مش بس … لأ وكمان | Fast fashion wastes water and it also pollutes rivers. | Not only does fast fashion waste water, but it also pollutes rivers. |
- Seldom do teenagers check where their clothes are made.نادرًا ما المراهقين بيبصوا هدومهم متصنّعة فين. مفيش فعل مساعد في الجملة الأصلية فجبنا do (جمع)، وcheck رجع مصدر.
- Only after the sale ended did Omar realise he had spent too much.عمر مفهمش إنه صرف كتير غير بعد ما العرض خلص. ماضي فاستخدمنا did وrealise من غير ed.
- Never has food waste been such a serious issue.عمر هدر الأكل ما كان مشكلة خطيرة كده. الجملة الأصلية فيها has فقدّمناها هي.
- Not until we plan our meals will we reduce waste at home.مش هنقلل الهدر في البيت غير لما نخطط لأكلنا. will اتقدّمت قبل we.
فيه كمان نوعين أقل في الكتاب لازم تفهمهم لما تقابلهم في القراءة:
- On store shelves stand countless items designed to attract attention.مكان متقدّم + فعل وضع (stand / lie / sit / hang) + الفاعل. هنا الفعل جه قبل الفاعل (countless items). ومفيش فاصلة. خلي بالك: ده بيحصل لما الفاعل اسم بس، مش ضمير.
- Such is the influence of advertising that consumers buy things they do not need.Such is + اسم + that = «تأثير الإعلانات قوي لدرجة إن…». بنقدّم Such علشان نأكد قد إيه الحاجة قوية.
مع Only after / Not until، الجملة اللي بتتقلب هي الجملة الأساسية (التانية)، مش اللي بعد until. ✓ Not until they reflect on their habits do they begin to change. ✗ Not until do they reflect …
إزاي ترجّع الجملة للترتيب العادي؟
To rewrite a fronted sentence in normal word order, start with the subject, then the verb, and move the fronted phrase back to its usual place (usually the end). With inversion, remove do/does/did and put the tense back on the main verb.
الكتاب بيطلب منك تعمل العكس كمان: تلاقي الـ fronting وترجّع الجملة لترتيبها العادي. الخطوات:
- دوّر على الفاعل وابدأ بيه.
- حط الجزء المتقدّم في آخر الجملة (أو جنب الفعل لو كان adverb زي rarely).
- لو فيه do / does / did زيادة اتشالت، رجّع الزمن للفعل: did realise ← realised، do consider ← consider، does waste ← wastes.
- شيل الفاصلة اللي كانت بعد الجزء المتقدّم.
- Rarely do consumers consider the impact. → Consumers rarely consider the impact.rarely رجعت قبل الفعل، وdo اتشالت.
- Only after comparing options do many people realise the cost. → Many people realise the cost only after comparing options.Only after… راحت للآخر، وdo اتشالت.
- Such is the influence of advertising that consumers buy… → The influence of advertising is so strong that consumers buy…Such is … that = so strong that.
إزاي نستخدمه في الكتابة والـ JRE
In an opinion article or a report, fronting helps you highlight the evidence, link ideas, and avoid starting every sentence with the subject.
بدل ما كل جمل فقرتك تبدأ بـ «People… People… People…»، قدّم الوقت أو السبب أو المقارنة. ده بيخلي الكتابة رسمية ومتنوعة، وده بالظبط اللي الكتاب بيطلبه في الـ opinion article والـ report.
شوف الفقرة دي (JRE)، والأجزاء المتقدّمة مكتوبة بالـ bold:
Justify: Schools should take food waste more seriously. Reason: Every day, students throw away sandwiches and fruit that are still good to eat. Because of this waste, money and resources are lost. Evidence: In a survey at our school, more than half of the students admitted that they bin part of their lunch. Unlike schools with sharing tables, our school has no system to give extra food to others.
لاحظ إن كل جملة بدأت بحاجة مختلفة (وقت، سبب، مكان، مقارنة)، والفقرة بقت أقوى وأوضح من غير ما المعنى يتغيّر.
- ✗ Every Friday, visit the market many families. ← ✓ Every Friday, many families visit the market. (في الـ fronting البسيط الفاعل يفضل قبل الفعل)
- ✗ As a result of poor storage bread goes bad quickly. ← ✓ As a result of poor storage, bread goes bad quickly. (حط فاصلة بعد الجزء الطويل)
- ✗ Rarely consumers consider the impact. ← ✓ Rarely do consumers consider the impact. (بعد Rarely لازم inversion)
- ✗ Only after the sale ended did Omar realised … ← ✓ … did Omar realise … (بعد did الفعل مصدر)
- ✗ Unlike large supermarkets, they small shops have less space. ← ✓ Unlike large supermarkets, small shops have less space. (متكررش الفاعل بضمير)
- ✗ Despite of the discounts, … ← ✓ Despite the discounts, … / In spite of the discounts, … (مفيش despite of)
- ✗ Because of the prices were low, … ← ✓ Because the prices were low, … / Because of the low prices, … (because of + اسم بس)
- لو السؤال «Which sentence uses fronting?» دوّر على الجملة اللي مبتبدأش بالفاعل وفيها جزء متقدّم + فاصلة.
- لو أول الجملة Rarely / Never / Seldom / Only after / Not until يبقى دوّر على الاختيار اللي فيه فعل مساعد قبل الفاعل.
- لو أول الجملة وقت أو مكان أو سبب أو Unlike، يبقى الباقي ترتيب عادي: subject + verb.
- بعد do / does / did الفعل مصدر دايمًا.
إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟
الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي. هنحل مثال لكل شكل:
1) Choose the correct answer: Which sentence uses fronting?
a. Shoppers spend too much on Black Friday.
b. On Black Friday, shoppers spend too much.
c. Shoppers on Black Friday spend too much.
d. Shoppers spend on Black Friday too much.
الإجابة: b. ليه؟ هي الوحيدة اللي بدأت بجزء متقدّم (On Black Friday) وبعده فاصلة، والباقي بيبدأ بالفاعل Shoppers.
2) Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.
a. Rarely shoppers read the labels on their clothes.
b. Rarely do shoppers read the labels on their clothes.
c. Rarely do shoppers reads the labels on their clothes.
d. Rarely does shoppers read the labels on their clothes.
الإجابة: b. (a) مفيش inversion. (c) بعد do الفعل لازم مصدر. (d) shoppers جمع فبنستخدم do مش does.
3) Rewrite the sentence in normal word order. (زي تمرين B في الكتاب)
Not until they see the bill do many families notice how much food they waste.
الإجابة: Many families notice how much food they waste only when they see the bill. ليه؟ بدأنا بالفاعل Many families، شلنا do، ورجّعنا «Not until…» لآخر الجملة بمعناها (only when / not … until). وينفع كمان: Many families do not notice how much food they waste until they see the bill.
تدريب
A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.
1. Which sentence uses fronting? a. We waste a lot of bread at home. b. At home, we waste a lot of bread. c. We waste at home a lot of bread. d. Bread is wasted at home a lot.
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b — بدأت بالمكان At home وبعده فاصلة والباقي ترتيب عادي.2. ______ poor storage, vegetables go bad quickly in summer. a. Because b. As a result of c. Although d. Therefore
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b. As a result of — بعد الفراغ اسم (poor storage) مش جملة، فمحتاجين تعبير + اسم.3. ______ fast-food chains, home cooking lets families control portions. a. Unlike b. Although c. Because d. Since
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a. Unlike — مقارنة، وبعدها اسم (fast-food chains).4. Rarely ______ about the water used to make one pair of jeans. a. people think b. do people think c. people do think d. does people think
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b — بعد Rarely لازم inversion، وpeople جمع فـ do.5. Only after the sale ended ______ how much money she had spent. a. she realised b. did she realise c. did she realised d. she did realise
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b — Only after + inversion في الجملة الأساسية، وبعد did الفعل مصدر.6. Never ______ so many people queuing outside a shop. a. I have seen b. have I seen c. I seen d. have I saw
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b — Never في الأول = نقدّم have قبل I، وبعدها التصريف التالت seen.7. ______ the low prices, many customers left the shop empty-handed. a. Despite b. Despite of c. Although d. Because
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a. Despite — رغم + اسم. (b) غلط، مفيش despite of. (c) although محتاجة جملة.8. Such ______ the power of brands that teenagers pay double for a logo. a. are b. is c. does d. has
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b. is — Such is + the power (مفرد) + that.
B. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.
9. a. In the end, chose the cheaper phone Ali. b. In the end, Ali chose the cheaper phone. c. In the end Ali choose the cheaper phone. d. At the end, the cheaper phone Ali chose.
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b — بعد الجزء المتقدّم: فاصلة + فاعل + فعل. (a) و(d) الترتيب غلط، (c) choose لازم تبقى chose (ماضي).10. a. Not until we plan our meals we will reduce waste. b. Not until do we plan our meals will we reduce waste. c. Not until we plan our meals will we reduce waste. d. Not until we plan our meals will we reducing waste.
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c — القلب في الجملة الأساسية (will we reduce) مش بعد until، والفعل بعد will مصدر.11. a. Because of the notifications, students lose focus. b. Because of the notifications students loses focus. c. Because the notifications, students lose focus. d. Because of the notifications, lose students focus.
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a — because of + اسم + فاصلة + فاعل + فعل. (c) because لوحدها محتاجة جملة.12. a. On the shelf stand they, waiting for buyers. b. On the shelf stand hundreds of products, waiting for buyers. c. On the shelf, stand hundreds of products waiting. d. On the shelf stands hundreds of products, waiting for buyers.
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b — مكان + فعل وضع + فاعل اسم. (a) مينفعش مع ضمير. (c) مع النوع ده مفيش فاصلة بعد المكان. (d) products جمع فـ stand.
C. Rewrite each sentence using fronting. Start with the words given.
13. Supermarkets throw away tonnes of food every week. (Every week …)
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Every week, supermarkets throw away tonnes of food. — الوقت اتقدّم وبعده فاصلة.14. Many students feel tired because of late-night scrolling. (Because of …)
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Because of late-night scrolling, many students feel tired.15. Second-hand shops sell clothes at fair prices, unlike big fashion brands. (Unlike …)
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Unlike big fashion brands, second-hand shops sell clothes at fair prices.16. Shoppers rarely read the small print on special offers. (Rarely …)
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Rarely do shoppers read the small print on special offers. — inversion: do + shoppers + read.17. I understood the cost of my habits only after I tracked my spending. (Only after …)
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Only after I tracked my spending did I understand the cost of my habits. — understood ← did … understand.18. Fast fashion wastes water. It also creates mountains of rubbish. (Not only …)
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Not only does fast fashion waste water, but it also creates mountains of rubbish. — does + مصدر waste.
D. Rewrite in normal word order, then write your own sentences.
19. Rewrite in normal word order: Seldom do families check the dates on food packets.
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Families seldom check the dates on food packets. — شلنا do ورجّعنا seldom قبل الفعل.20. Rewrite in normal word order: As a consequence of the long queues, many shoppers gave up.
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Many shoppers gave up as a consequence of the long queues. — الفاعل في الأول والسبب في الآخر.21. Rewrite in normal word order: Such is the pressure of social media that teenagers want every new phone.
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The pressure of social media is so strong that teenagers want every new phone. — Such is … that = so … that.22. Find and correct the mistake: Only after comparing prices did Sara chose the cheaper phone.
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chose ← choose: Only after comparing prices did Sara choose the cheaper phone. — بعد did مصدر.23. Write ONE sentence about food waste that fronts a time phrase.
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مثال: After every wedding party, huge amounts of food are thrown away. — وقت متقدّم + فاصلة + جملة عادية.24. Write ONE sentence about screen time that fronts a contrast phrase.
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مثال: Unlike reading a book, scrolling through videos rarely helps us relax before sleep.25. Write 3 sentences about "Food waste" using fronting (like Task C in the book).
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مثال: In Egyptian homes, bread is often wasted. Because of poor planning, families cook too much. Not until we change our habits will this problem disappear. — مكان، سبب، ثم inversion.
- Fronting = تقدّم جزء من الجملة لأولها علشان التأكيد، في الكتابة الرسمية والتقارير.
- الأنواع: وقت/مكان (Every year,) — سبب/نتيجة (As a result of + اسم,) — مقارنة (Unlike + اسم,). بعدها فاصلة وترتيب عادي.
- بعد Rarely / Never / Seldom / Only after / Not until / Not only الجملة بتتقلب زي السؤال: do/does/did/have + فاعل + مصدر.
- علشان ترجّعها للعادي: ابدأ بالفاعل، شيل do/does/did، ورجّع الزمن للفعل.
كل دروس المنهج
Grammar · القواعد
- Participial Phrases (-ing / -ed)
- Relative Clauses (who, which, that)
- Conditionals (If… will / would / would have) + hedging
- Gerunds and Infinitives
- Narrative Tenses
- Prepositional Phrases of Place and Time
- Concession Clauses
- The Passive Voice for Formal Reporting
- The Present Perfect (since, for, just, already, yet, ever, never)
- Fronting for Emphasis
- Cause-and-Effect Structures
- Modal Verbs (could, should, may, must)
- Adverbials of Degree and Frequency
- Reported Speech
- Used to / Would (Past Habits)
- The Present Continuous
- Linking Words and Logical Connectors
- The Causative: have / get something done
- So… that / Such… that
- Stative Verbs vs Action Verbs
- Quantifiers (too much / too many, a large amount of, few / little)
Vocabulary & Language · الكلمات واللغة
- Well-being and Mental Health
- Leisure, Screen Time, Arts and Sport
- History, Heritage and Museums
- Brands, Food Waste and Sales Culture
- Climate Change and Renewable Energy
- Global Responsibility and Advocacy
- Passion, Hobbies and Community
- Vocational Education and Careers
- Belonging and Inclusion
- Hidden Costs and Fast Fashion
- Persuasive and Biased Language: intensifiers, rhetorical questions, absolute language
- Hedging and Neutral Language
- Tone, Evaluative Language and Selective Framing
- Concession Language
- Media Literacy: fact, opinion, bias and greenwashing
Reading · القراية
- Reading for Gist and Key Detail
- True / False / Not Given with justification
- Fact, Opinion and Biased Claims
- Identifying Bias in Media Texts
- Rhetorical Devices and Their Effects
- The Writer's Viewpoint and Tone
- Main Argument and Supporting Points
- Cause and Effect in Informational Texts
- Text Types: reports, articles, opinion articles, narratives and profiles
- Vocabulary in Context
- Evaluating the Reliability of Online Content
Listening · الاستماع
- Broadcasts, Podcasts, Radio Programmes and Media Reports
- Listening for Main Ideas and Specific Information
- Stated vs Unstated Information
- The Speaker's Perspective
- Technical Terms in Context
Speaking · الكلام
- Giving and Justifying an Opinion (JRE)
- Acknowledging an Opposing Viewpoint
- Structured Presentations (3–5 minutes)
- Pair and Group Discussions
- Debates
- Role-plays and Pitches
- Reporting Other People's Views
Writing · الكتابة
- The JRE Analytical Paragraph
- Reflective Writing
- Opinion Paragraph
- Diary Entry
- Discursive Paragraph
- Opinion Article
- Review
- Argumentative Paragraph
- Informational Leaflet
- Formal Email
- Persuasive Email
- Proposal
- Discursive Essay
- Blog Post
- Recommendation Report
- Personal Development Plan
- Personal Narrative
- Problem-Solution Paragraph
Literature · الأدب والقصة
- The Lost World — the set novel
- The Lost World · Chapter 1: A Dream of Adventure
- The Lost World · Chapter 2: Professor Challenger's Secret
- The Lost World · Chapter 3: The Expedition Is Chosen
- The Lost World · Chapter 4: Into the Unknown
- The Lost World · Chapter 5: Trapped in the Lost World
- The Lost World · Chapter 6: Malone's Night Adventure
- The Lost World · Chapter 7: Prisoners of the Ape-Men
- The Lost World · Chapter 8: The Battle for the Plateau
- The Lost World · Chapter 9: The Hidden Way Home
- The Lost World · Chapter 10: Proof Before the World
- Literary Extract: “Not Exactly a Relaxing Day”
- Narrative Techniques: simile, contrast and personal voice
- Mood, Tone and the Narrator's Shifting Feelings
- Characters, Themes and Key Events