تانية بكالوريا · Grammar · Unit 1

Conditionals (If… will / would / would have) + hedging

جمل «لو» بأنواعها التلاتة، وإزاي نكتب كلام حذر ومحايد (hedging) من غير مبالغة في الـ JRE.

الدرس ده عن إيه؟

Conditionals are sentences with if. They show what happens, or what would happen, when something else is true. Hedging means using careful words (may, might, could, suggest…) so that a claim is not too strong.

الدرس ده عن حاجتين مرتبطين ببعض: جمل «لو» (if)، والكلام الحذر (hedging)، يعني إنك تقول رأيك من غير ما تبالغ أو تعمّم.

في الكتاب: Unit 1 : Living Well in a Complex World. الـ hedging بييجي في Media Analysis (صفحة 17) وفي جدول persuasive writing techniques (صفحة 19)، والـ conditionals في جزء Conditional Structures (Hedging) (صفحة 34-35)، وبعدها في Consolidation Review A. الكتاب بيقول إن الكتابة الأكاديمية محتاجة precision (دقة) وcaution (حذر) وclarity (وضوح)، والـ conditionals بتساعدك تعبّر عن اليقين أو الاحتمال أو الحذر، ودي مهارة مهمة في الـ JRE.

الفكرة ببساطة: شرط ← نتيجة

Every conditional has two parts: the if-clause (the condition) and the main clause (the result).

أي جملة شرطية ليها جزئين: جزء الشرط (اللي فيه if = لو) وجزء النتيجة (اللي هيحصل). زي ما تقول بالعربي: «لو ذاكرت، هتنجح».

If teenagers exercise regularly, they will feel more energetic.الشرط: لو المراهقين اتمرنوا بانتظام. النتيجة: هيحسوا بنشاط أكتر.
They will feel more energetic if teenagers exercise regularly.نفس المعنى. لما الـ if تيجي في النص، مفيش فاصلة.

قاعدة الفاصلة

لو جملة if جت في الأول حط فاصلة قبل النتيجة. لو جت في الآخر مفيش فاصلة.

الأنواع الأربعة

The book teaches three types: first (real), second (hypothetical) and third (unreal past). The zero conditional (general facts) is useful too.

النوع	If-clause	Main clause	بنستخدمه إمتى؟	مثال
Zero	If + present simple	present simple	حقيقة علمية أو حاجة بتحصل دايمًا.	If you skip breakfast, you feel tired.
First (real)	If + present simple	will / may / might / can + base	حاجة ممكن فعلًا تحصل في المستقبل.	If schools offer counselling, stress levels may fall.
Second (hypothetical)	If + past simple (were)	would / could / might + base	حاجة خيالية أو صعب تحصل دلوقتي.	If more schools offered counselling, students would feel better supported.
Third (unreal past)	If + had + V3	would have / could have / might have + V3	حاجة محصلتش في الماضي (ندم أو نقد).	If the study had included more schools, the findings would have been more conclusive.

خلي بالك من حاجة مهمة: في النوع التاني، الفعل ماضي بس المعنى مش ماضي. معناه «لو، بس الحقيقة مش كده». وفي النوع التالت الكلام عن الماضي فعلًا، وعن حاجة ماحصلتش.

كل نوع بالتفصيل

1) First conditional = حاجة ممكن تحصل (real)

If + present simple, will / may / might / can + base verb.

الشرط ممكن جدًا يتحقق. ممنوع will بعد if. وفي الكتابة الأكاديمية الكتاب بيفضّل may / might / could بدل will، علشان مبنبقاش متأكدين 100% (ده hedging).

If students sleep eight hours, they will concentrate better.متأكد شوية: will.
If students sleep eight hours, they may concentrate better.حذر أكتر: may = ممكن. ده أحسن في الكتابة الأكاديمية.
If you reduce screen time, you might notice a change in your mood.might = احتمال أضعف.

2) Second conditional = حاجة خيالية أو بعيدة (hypothetical)

If + past simple, would / could / might + base verb. With be, we use were for all subjects in formal English.

بنتخيل موقف مش حقيقي دلوقتي. مع فعل be بنقول were حتى مع I / he / she / it (في الإنجليزي الرسمي).

If social media were less popular, teenagers would feel less pressure.بس الحقيقة إن السوشيال ميديا منتشرة جدًا. were مع social media (مفرد).
If I were the head teacher, I would start a mindfulness club.أنا مش المدير، ده تخيّل. «If I were you» نصيحة مشهورة.
If every school had a nutritionist, students would most likely eat better.most likely = غالبًا. ده hedging جوه الـ second conditional، زي مثال الكتاب.

3) Third conditional = حاجة ماحصلتش في الماضي (unreal past)

If + had + past participle, would have / could have / might have + past participle.

بنتكلم عن الماضي وبنغيّره في خيالنا. مفيد جدًا علشان ننقد دراسة أو نقول «لو كان حصل كذا».

If schools had offered health support earlier, fewer students would have suffered from stress.المدارس ماقدمتش الدعم بدري، فطلبة كتير عانوا.
If the researchers had asked more teenagers, the results might have been different.نقد للدراسة: عيّنة صغيرة. might have = يمكن كان.
If Nadia hadn't edited the photo, it would have shown the real café.النفي: hadn't + V3.

كلمات تانية بتعمل شرط

Unless = if not. As long as / provided that = only if. In case = to be ready for something that may happen.

الكلمة	معناها	مثال
unless	إلا إذا / لو مش	Unless you sleep well, you will feel tired. = If you don't sleep well…
as long as	طول ما / بشرط	Gaming is fine as long as it doesn't replace sleep.
provided that	بشرط إن (رسمية)	Screens can help learning, provided that students take breaks.
in case	احتياطي لو حصل	Take water in case you get thirsty.

خلي بالك من unless

unless فيها النفي جواها. ✗ Unless you don't exercise… ← ✓ Unless you exercise… (يعني لو ماتمرنتش)

يعني إيه Hedging؟

Hedging is using cautious language to show that a claim is possible or likely, not 100% certain. It makes writing neutral, fair and academic. The opposite is absolute language (all, always, never, completely, everyone).

تخيل حد بيقولك: «كل المراهقين مدمنين سوشيال ميديا». ده كلام مبالغ فيه وbiased (منحاز)، لأن مش كل المراهقين كده. الأحسن تقول: «بعض الدراسات بتقترح إن مراهقين كتير ممكن يكونوا بيستخدموها زيادة». ده هو الـ hedging: إنك تحمي كلامك من المبالغة.

الكتاب بيقسّم الكلمات كده: Absolute words بتقول الكلام بثقة كاملة. Hedging words بتبيّن uncertainty or caution. Neutral language متوازنة وموضوعية ومن غير تحيّز.

النوع	كلمات Hedging (حذر)	بدل الكلمات المطلقة (Absolute)
Modal verbs	may, might, could, can	will, must (لما مش متأكد)
Verbs	suggest, indicate, imply, appear, seem, tend to	prove, show for sure
Adverbs	possibly, probably, perhaps, often, usually, generally	always, never, definitely, completely
Adjectives	likely, possible, unlikely	certain, obvious
Quantifiers	some, many, most, a number of, certain types of	all, everyone, no one, every
Phrases	Research suggests that… / It is possible that… / There is evidence that…	Everyone knows that… / It is a fact that…

أمثلة: من كلام منحاز ← لكلام حذر ومحايد

Biased: Gaming destroys all teenagers' brains.كلام مطلق: destroys + all.
Hedged: Research suggests that excessive gaming may affect some teenagers' concentration.suggests + may + some + excessive (مش أي لعب). كده الكلام محايد.
Biased: Processed food always makes people ill.always مبالغة.
Hedged: Eating processed food regularly could increase the risk of some diseases.could + regularly + some.
Biased: Everyone who uses Instagram feels depressed.Everyone تعميم.
Hedged: Many studies indicate that heavy Instagram use is linked to low mood in certain users.Many + indicate + is linked to (مرتبط، مش «بيسبب أكيد»).
Biased: Mindfulness completely cures stress.completely مبالغة.
Hedged: Mindfulness appears to help many people manage stress.appears to = يبدو إنه.
Hedged conditional: If teenagers spend less time online, they are likely to sleep better.first conditional + hedging: are likely to بدل will.
Hedged conditional: If the survey had included rural schools, the results might have been more reliable.third conditional لنقد الدليل بأدب.

إزاي نستخدمهم في الـ JRE

Use hedging in your claim and evidence to sound fair. Use conditionals to explain possible results (first), suggest solutions (second) and evaluate evidence (third).

جزء الـ JRE	تستخدم إيه	مثال
Justify (رأيك)	hedging علشان ماتبالغش	Schools should probably limit phone use during lessons.
Reason (السبب)	first / second conditional	If students are away from their phones, they may focus more deeply.
Evidence (الدليل)	suggest / indicate + third conditional لتقييم الدليل	One study suggests that grades improved, although if it had lasted longer, it would have been more convincing.

فقرة كاملة صغيرة. الـ hedging والـ conditionals مكتوبين bold:

Justify: Counselling services could play an important role in reducing stress at school. Reason: If students have someone to talk to, they are less likely to keep their worries to themselves. Evidence: A recent survey indicates that many students who used school counselling felt calmer. However, if the survey had included more schools, its findings would have been more conclusive.

أشهر الأخطاء (غلط ← صح)

✗ If schools will offer counselling, … ← ✓ If schools offer counselling, … (ممنوع will بعد if)
✗ If schools offered counselling, students may felt … ← ✓ … students would feel … (بعد الموديل الفعل مجرد)
✗ If schools had offer counselling, … ← ✓ If schools had offered … (had + V3)
✗ If schools offer counselling, students would have felt better yesterday. ← ✓ If schools had offered counselling, students would have felt better. (خلّط نوعين)
✗ If the study had included more schools, the results would be more conclusive last year. ← ✓ … would have been more conclusive.
✗ If I was you, I will sleep earlier. ← ✓ If I were you, I would sleep earlier.
✗ Unless you don't exercise, … ← ✓ Unless you exercise, …
✗ All teenagers always waste time online. ← ✓ Some teenagers may spend too much time online. (hedging)

إزاي تجاوب بسرعة في الامتحان

بص على الـ if-clause: present ← النتيجة will / may. past ← would. had + V3 ← would have + V3.
ولو العكس: لقيت would have في النتيجة؟ يبقى الشرط لازم had + V3.
كلمة زي yesterday / last year / earlier مع if = غالبًا third conditional.
في سؤال rewrite the bias: شيل all / always / never / completely / everyone، وحط some / many / may / suggest / often.

إزاي بييجي في الأسئلة؟

الأسئلة في الكتاب والمراجعات بتيجي بالأشكال دي. هنحل مثال لكل شكل:

1) Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

a. If parents set screen rules, children may sleep better.

b. If parents set screen rules, children would have slept better.

c. If parents had set screen rules, children may slept better.

d. If parents will set screen rules, children sleep better.

الإجابة: a. ليه؟ first conditional صح: present + may + base. (b) خلط first مع third. (c) بعد may لازم فعل مجرد، والتالت محتاج would have slept. (d) ممنوع will بعد if.

2) Complete the sentence with an "if" conditional.

If teenagers had more free time, they ______ (take up) creative hobbies.

الإجابة: would take up. ليه؟ had (ماضي) = second conditional ← would + base. وممكن تقول might take up لو عايز حذر أكتر.

3) Rewrite this biased sentence using neutral and hedging language.

"Teenagers never listen to advice about healthy eating."

إجابة نموذجية: Some teenagers may not always follow advice about healthy eating. ليه؟ شلنا never (مطلقة) وحطينا Some + may + not always.

تدريب

A. Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d.

1. If teenagers ______ regularly, they will feel more energetic. a. exercised b. exercise c. will exercise d. had exercised
Show answer
b. exercise — النتيجة will ← الشرط present simple (first).
2. If every class had a short exercise break, students ______ more alert. a. will feel b. feel c. would feel d. would have felt
Show answer
c. would feel — had (past) ← would + base (second).
3. If the researchers had followed the students for longer, the results ______ more reliable. a. would be b. will be c. would have been d. had been
Show answer
c. would have been — had followed ← would have + V3 (third).
4. If I ______ you, I would turn off my phone an hour before bed. a. am b. were c. will be d. had
Show answer
b. were — If I were you (نصيحة، second).
5. ______ you drink enough water, you will get headaches. a. If b. Unless c. As long as d. Provided that
Show answer
b. Unless — = If you don't drink enough water.
6. Which word is a hedging word? a. always b. completely c. might d. everyone
Show answer
c. might — بتبيّن احتمال وحذر. الباقي كلمات مطلقة (absolute).
7. Research ______ that sport can reduce anxiety in some adolescents. a. proves completely b. suggests c. knows d. destroys
Show answer
b. suggests — فعل hedging = بتقترح. proves completely مطلقة.
8. If Omar hadn't stayed up late, he ______ so tired in the exam. a. wouldn't feel b. won't feel c. wouldn't have felt d. didn't feel
Show answer
c. wouldn't have felt — hadn't stayed (third) ← wouldn't have + V3.

B. Only one sentence in each group is grammatically correct. Choose the correct answer.

9. a. If students sleep well, they may concentrate better. b. If students will sleep well, they concentrate better. c. If students slept well, they may concentrated better. d. If students had sleep well, they would concentrate better.
Show answer
a — first conditional صح. (b) will بعد if، (c) concentrated بعد may، (d) had sleep لازم had slept.
10. a. If the school had built a gym, more students would exercise last year. b. If the school had built a gym, more students would have exercised. c. If the school built a gym, more students would have exercised. d. If the school has built a gym, more students would have exercised.
Show answer
b — had + V3 ← would have + V3. (a) last year محتاجة would have exercised.
11. a. Unless you don't take breaks, your eyes will hurt. b. Unless you take breaks, your eyes hurt will. c. Unless you take breaks, your eyes will hurt. d. Unless you will take breaks, your eyes will hurt.
Show answer
c — unless فيها النفي، ومن غير will بعدها.
12. a. Everyone who plays video games becomes aggressive. b. All video games make teenagers aggressive. c. Some research implies that certain violent games could influence aggressive behaviour. d. Video games always cause aggression.
Show answer
c — دي الجملة المحايدة (hedged): some + implies + certain + could. الباقي مطلق ومنحاز.

C. Complete with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

13. If you (reduce) your sugar intake, you may notice more energy.
Show answer
reduce — first conditional: present simple في الشرط.
14. If Egyptian cities had more green parks, families (spend) more time outdoors.
Show answer
would spend — second: had ← would + base.
15. If the school had started its healthy-snack campaign earlier, fewer pupils (buy) fizzy drinks.
Show answer
would have bought — third: had started ← would have + V3.
16. If Nadia (not / compare) herself with influencers, she would have felt happier.
Show answer
hadn't compared — النتيجة would have felt ← الشرط had + V3 (منفي).
17. If people (eat) processed food every day, their health may suffer.
Show answer
eat — first conditional مع may (hedging): present simple في الشرط.

D. Rewrite and write as asked.

18. Rewrite using neutral and hedging language: "Fast food ruins everyone's health."
Show answer
Eating fast food too often could harm the health of many people. — شلنا ruins و everyone (مطلقة) وحطينا could harm + many + too often.
19. Rewrite using neutral and hedging language: "Video games are a complete waste of time."
Show answer
Playing video games for too long may take time away from other useful activities. — شلنا complete waste (حكم مطلق)، وحطينا may + for too long (مش أي لعب).
20. Make a third conditional sentence: The researchers asked only 50 students. The results were not reliable.
Show answer
If the researchers had asked more students, the results would have been more reliable. — العكس اللي ماحصلش في الماضي.
21. Make a second conditional sentence: Our school doesn't have a nutritionist. Students don't get advice on food.
Show answer
If our school had a nutritionist, students would get advice on food. — الحاضر عكس الحقيقة ← second.
22. Write ONE first conditional sentence about mental health at school with a hedging modal.
Show answer
مثال: If teachers notice signs of stress early, students may get help sooner. — present + may.
23. Write a short JRE (3 sentences) about sport and well-being. Use one conditional and two hedging words.
Show answer
مثال: Regular sport could improve teenagers' well-being. If young people join a team, they are likely to make new friends and feel less lonely. Research suggests that physical activity can lower stress levels. — J ثم R (conditional) ثم E (suggests).

ملخص الدرس في سطرين

First: If + present, will / may / might + base ← حاجة ممكن تحصل.
Second: If + past (were), would / could + base ← تخيّل. Third: If + had + V3, would have + V3 ← ماضي ماحصلش.
ممنوع will بعد if، وunless = if not (من غير not تانية).
Hedging = may, might, could, suggest, indicate, tend to, likely, some, many… بدل all, always, never, completely, everyone.
في الـ JRE: hedging علشان تبقى محايد، والـ conditionals علشان تشرح نتيجة أو تقيّم دليل.

كل دروس المنهج

Grammar · القواعد

Vocabulary & Language · الكلمات واللغة

Reading · القراية

Listening · الاستماع

Speaking · الكلام

Writing · الكتابة

Literature · الأدب والقصة